Overriding water table control on managed peatland greenhouse gas emissions
Chris EvansMike PeacockAndy J. BairdRebekka ArtzAnnette BurdenNathan CallaghanPippa J. ChapmanHollie CooperMhairi CoyleEdward M. CraigAlex CummingSimon DixonVincent GauciRichard GraysonCarole HelfterCatherine HeppellJoseph HoldenDavey L. JonesJörg KadukPeter LevyR. A. MatthewsNiall P. McNamaraT. H. MisselbrookSimon OakleySusan PageMark RaymentLuke RidleyKieran StanleyJennifer WilliamsonFred WorrallRoss Morrison
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Mire
To evaluate the coexistence of agricultural managements and wetland ecosystem conservation, the Bibai mire, an ombrotrophic mire in Hokkaido, Japan, was selected as an experimental site that had been affected by neighboring agricultural managements. Since the lowering of the level of the groundwater table in the peripheral area of the mire had threatened indigenous vegetations, keeping the groundwater table shallow by trench irrigation seemed to be an effective measure to recover the original vegetation. The objective of the present study was to quantify the amount of water and the effective area of trench irrigation required in a bamboo-invading area in a pristine mire. We constructed a trench 28 m long and irrigated at the rate of 2.22 m3 d−1 in a bamboo-invading area in the mire. And to analyze the hydro-meteorological conditions under the trench irrigation, we measured the saturated hydraulic conductivity of the peat layer (3.8 × 10−3 cm s−1), the evapotranspiration rate (2.80 mm d−1), the depth of the non-irrigated groundwater table (0.15 m) and the surface gradient (0.00493). In addition, using the mass conservation equation and Darcy's law, we derived a steady state model of the level of the groundwater table formed by trench irrigation, which required the five parameters mentioned above. The irrigated water spread over a distance of only about 15 m to both sides of the trench. The model also estimated that the distance for the irrigated area was 14.6 m and we concluded that the irrigated area was limited within a distance of 20 m distances to both sides of the trench and that the irrigation rate per unit trench length did not exceed 0.12 m2 d−1 for realistic values of the evapotranspiration rate and the saturated hydraulic conductivity in peatland.
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Ombrotrophic
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The study was carried out in a raised bog located in the Kamanos state reserve in northwestern Lithuania (56°16'N, 22°39'W). The area of the raised bog is 1722 ha. To assess the effect of meteorological factors and damming of drainage ditches on the water regime of the Kamanos mire, we have analysed the water table depth fluctuations over the last 22 years in the northern part of the mire, which was drained out in 1907, and the drainage ditch was dammed in 1999. The control plots were established in the central part of the raised bog without draining activities, where Eriophorum va‐ginatum‐Sphagnum spp. communities prevail in the ground vegetation and small Scots pine trees may also be found. The results showed that, in both natural and damaged‐by‐drainage sites of the raised bog, the air moisture deficiency and the amount of precipitation had a significant effect on the fluctuation of the water table depth during the growth period (R = 0.416 - 0.761 p < 0.05). In comparison with the control plots, in 7 years after establishing dams in a 0.9–1.2 m deep ditch, the groundwater table increased by 9.8 to 12.2 cm in the area up to 980 m apart from the ditch. After damming the ditches in the extensively and intensively drained parts of the raised bog, the levelling out of the water table to a similar depth as in the control plots, occurred within 4 years and is forecasted to occur within 12 years, respectively. The water table of the drained sites of the raised bog was more sensitive to increasing annual temperatures than the water table in the undrained sites of the raised bog. Santrauka Tyrimai buvo atlikti Kamanų valstybinio gamtinio rezervato aukštapelkėje (56º16´N, 22º39´W), kuri yra šiaurės vakarų Lietuvoje. Aukštapelkės plotas – 1722 ha. Tam, kad būtų įvertinta meteorologinių faktorių bei griovių tvenkimo įtaka Kamanų pelkės hidrologijai, buvo išanalizuotos gruntinių vandenų slūgsojimo lygio fluktuacijos per pastaruosius 22 metus – 1907 m. nusausintoje ir 1999 m. patvenktoje šiaurinėje pelkės dalyje. Kontroliniai plotai išskirti centrinėje nesausintoje aukštapelkės dalyje. Čia vyrauja Eriophorum vaginatum-Sphagnum spp. (kupstinio švylio-kiminų) bendrijos su žemaūgėmis pušelėmis. Nustatyta, kad pagrindiniai meteorologiniai veiksniai, veikiantys vegetacijos periodo gruntinių vandenų fluktuacijas tiek natūraliuose, tiek sausinimu pažeistuose Kamanų aukštapelkės plotuose, yra oro drėgmės deficitas ir krituliai (R 2 = 0,416 – 0,761 p < 0,05). Per 7 metų periodą, praėjusį po 0,9–1,2 m gylio griovio, sausinusio aukštapelkę 92 m. blokavimo užtvaromis (1999 m.), gruntinių vandenų lygis 980 m pločio pagriovio zonoje, palyginus su kontrole, pakilo vidutiniškai 9,8–12,2 cm. Gruntinių vandenų atsistatymas iki kontrolinio lygio, blokavus griovius užtvaromis ekstensyviai nusausintose pelkės dalyse, įvyko per 4 metus, o intensyviai nusausintoje aukštapelkės dalyje, kaip rodo prognozės, įvyks apytiksliai per 12 m. Išaiškinta, kad į klimato šiltėjimą, t. y. į metinių temperatūrų didėjimą, nusausintų pelkių gruntiniai vandenys reaguoja labiau negu nenusausintų. Резюме Гидрологические исследования были проведены на верховом болоте государственного заповедника Каманос (56º16´N, 22º39´W), который находится на северо-западе Литвы. Площадь верхового болота – 1722 га. Целью работы было установить влияние метеорологических факторов и уничтожения осушительных канав на гидрологический режим верхового болота. Исходным материалом послужили данные о динамике уровня грунтовых вод за последние 22 года на в 1907 г. осушенных и в 1999 г. вновь затопленных площадях заповедника с болотными почвами. Контрольными площадями послужили нетронутые осушением участки болота, выделенные в центральной части заповедника, где преобладают сообщества пушицы и белого мха (Eriophorum vaginatum – Sphagnum spp.) с низкорослой сосной. Выявлено, что за 7-летний период, прошедший после уничтожения в 1999 г. осушительных канав глубиной 0,9–1,2 м, уровень грунтовых вод на приканавной полосе, равной 980 м, повысился в среднем на 9,8–12,2 см по сравнению с контрольным уровнем. Восстановление уровня грунтовых вод (до контрольного уровня) после уничтожения канав на экстенсивно осушенных площадях происходит спустя 4 года, а на интенсивно осушенных площадях – спустя 12 лет. Установлено, что на потепление климата, т. е. на повышение годовых температур, сильнее реагируют грунтовые воды осушенных болот, чем неосушенных.
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Ditch
Sphagnum
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The article examines the relationship between factors influencing greenhouse gas emissions into the atmosphere. Among all the greenhouse gases released into the earth's atmosphere, one of the most polluting ones is carbon dioxide (CO₂). An economic and environmental analysis of CO₂ emissions was carried out based on data from the Global Carbon Atlas, which allows us to see the overall picture of atmospheric carbon dioxide pollution for each country for 2022. The methodology for calculating each of the indicators is given: CO₂ emissions indicators for 2022 by total quantity (CO₂, million metric tons); by the amount of CO₂ emissions per unit of GDP (CO₂/GDP, kg); by CO₂ emissions per capita (CO₂/person, t). A sample of five countries with the highest total carbon dioxide emissions was carried out: China, the United States of America, India, the Russian Federation and Japan. The selected countries are assessed for each of the indicators: CO₂ emissions indicators for 2022 by total quantity (CO₂, million metric tons); by the amount of CO₂ emissions per unit of GDP (CO₂/GDP, kg); by CO₂ emissions per capita (CO₂/person, t). An analysis of additional criteria was carried out, CO₂ emissions per 1 sq. km of territory of each of the selected countries, tons, were calculated. Conclusions are drawn about the existing relationships between factors influencing greenhouse gas emissions into the atmosphere.
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A detailed organic soil profile description, 22 years of continuous water table records, and a hummock-hollow level survey were examined at a small Minnesota mire (a bog with remnants of poor fen vegetation). Variation in the level survey suggests that hollows be used to minimize variation when detailed topographic information is needed and to match profile descriptions from distant locations. Water table and profile information suggests modification of acrotelm and catotelm definitions to recognize drought conditions and a field-identifiable boundary between the two layers.
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Table (database)
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The annual carbon dioxide emissions currently (1997 figures) avoided by the use of hydropower in electricity generation is 142 million metric tons, and it has a carbon tax value of $7.1 billion. Developing the identified additional hydropower capacity can yield an additional 34 million tons annually of avoided carbon dioxide emissions, with a value of $1.7 billion in carbon taxes. The total annual avoided emissions can exceed 176 million metric tons, with a value of $8.8 billion.
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ABSTRACT Mires are terrestrial ecosystems which conserve organic production in the form of peat because their soils are waterlogged. Scotland's damp climate makes it rich in mires, with fens, raised mires and blanket mires occurring widely. Intact examples are mostly treeless due to wind exposure. They have two functional layers of soil: a shallow acrotelm overlying the catotelm or peat deposit proper. The acrotelm is the main region of diagenesis and contains the water table, which lies close to the surface for most of the time. Evapotranspiration depends on water table depth and surface vegetation. In the catotelm, water transmission is described by Darcy's law with sufficient exactness to allow prediction of the water table profile. An analysis of seepage using Dupuit–Forchheimer theory predicts a hemi-elliptical profile whose curvature is governed by the water balance in dry years and which, in its turn, closely controls the overall shape of the mire. Water flow is more rapid in the acrotelm, where it creates a regular series of different soil physical regimes which are linked with distinct combinations of surface topography and vegetation arranged sequentially from the centre of a mire to its edge. Such regular arrangements are most clearly seen in the Flowe Country of E Sutherland and Caithness. Acrotelm structure also permits variation in flow rate with depth, so that the amplitude of water table oscillations is narrowly confined and the mire thus protected against both desiccation and sheet flow.
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Abstract The Pennsylvania greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions inventory presented in this paper provides detailed estimates of emissions and their sources for the six major categories of GHGs. The inventory was compiled using the current U.S. Environment Protection Agency methodology, which applies emissions factors to socioeconomic data, such as fossil energy use, vehicle miles traveled, and industrial production. The paper also contains an assessment of the methodology and suggestions for improving accounting with respect to process, sectoral, and geographic considerations. The study found that Pennsylvania emitted 77.4 million metric tons carbon equivalent of GHGs in 1990 and that this total increased by 3% to 79.8 million metric tons carbon equivalent by 1999. Despite this increase, however, the state's percentage contribution to the United States total declined during the decade. Pennsylvania's carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from fossil fuels represented 92.4% of 1990 totals and declined to 90.5% in 1999. Electricity generation was the largest single source of CO2 emissions, being responsible for 38% of fossil fuel CO2 emissions in 1990 and 40% of the total in 1999. Transportation emissions accounted for the largest increases in emissions between 1990 and 1999, whereas industrial emissions accounted for the largest decrease. The overall trend indicates that Pennsylvania has been able to weaken the relationship between GHG emissions and economic growth.
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