Hippocampal Subfield Volumes in Major Depressive Disorder Adolescents with a History of Suicide Attempt
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Suicidal behavior is a leading cause of death and often commences during adolescence/young adulthood (15~29 years old). The hippocampus, which consists of multiple functionally specialized subfields, may contribute to the pathophysiology of depression and suicidal behavior. We aimed to investigate the differences of hippocampal subfield volume between major depressive disorder (MDD) patients with and without suicide attempts and healthy controls in adolescents and young adults. A total of 40 MDD suicide attempters (MDD+SA), 27 MDD patients without suicide attempt (MDD-SA), and 37 healthy controls (HC) were recruited. High-resolution T1 MRI images were analyzed with the automated hippocampal substructure module in FreeSurfer 6.0. Volume differences among the groups were analyzed by a generalized linear model controlling for intracranial cavity volume (ICV). The relationship between hippocampal subfield volumes and clinical characteristics (HAM-D and SSI scores) was assessed using two-tailed partial correlation controlling for ICV in MDD+SA and MDD-SA. We found that MDD-SA had significantly smaller bilateral hippocampal fissure volume than HC and MDD+SA. No significant correlation was observed between hippocampal subfield volume and clinical characteristics (HAM-D and SSI scores) in MDD+SA and MDD-SA. Adolescent/young adult suicide attempters with MDD suicide attempters have larger bilateral hippocampal fissures than depressed patients without suicide attempts, independently from clinical characteristics. Within the heterogeneous syndrome of major depressive disorder that holds a risk for suicidality for subgroups, hippocampal morphology may help to explain or possibly predict such risk, yet longitudinal and functional studies are needed for understanding the biological mechanisms underlying.Keywords:
Depression
Background: Many patients present to the emergency department (ED) complaining of intentional poisoning. Of those, some have major depressive disorder (MDD) in their medical history. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of MDD patients who were treated for poisoning in the ED. Materials and Methods: A retrospective review was performed on 268 patients who were treated with poisoning between July 2007 and November 2011. Of these patients, we only included those who were over 18 years of age. Information regarding age, gender, cause, time of ingestion, type of drug, history of attempting suicide, and outcome, among other characteristics, was collected and compared to patients who did not have MDD. Results: A total of 244 patients were included in this study. Of those, 52 patients (21.3%) had a history of MDD. Compared to non-MDD patients, a majority (34.6% vs. 19.8%) of those in the MDD group had a history of suicide attempts (P = 0.027), and 34 (65.4% in the MDD group vs. 34.4% in the non-MDD group) took more than two types of drugs (P < 0.001). There were no differences in age, sex, time of ingestion or disease severity between MDD and non-MDD patients. Conclusion: In poisoning patients with MDD, physicians in the ED must consider that they have a higher tendency to show suicidal behavior and to have ingested multiple types of drugs.
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Ojbective To study the difference of Aβ 25-35 on neurons between hippocampus and septum. Mdthods employing the method of primary cell culture, neurons survival and SOD were examined ,and amalysed the expression of apoptosis-related gene bcl-xl by Western blot. Result Aβ 25-35 might reduce the survival of hippocampal and septal neurons, increased both activity of CuZn-SOD and expression of Bcl-xl, but decreased the activity of Mn-SOD of hippocampal neurons, and had on obvious effect on septal neurons. Conclusion Aβ 25-35 had the same effect on survival and CuZn-SOD but Mn-SOD between the hippocampus and septum. The cytoxic mechanisms of Aβ 25-35 on hippocampus and septus might be different.
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Neocortex
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The mammalian hippocampal formation (HF) is organized into domains associated with different functions. These differences are driven in part by the pattern of input along the hippocampal long axis, such as visual input to the septal hippocampus and amygdalar input to the temporal hippocampus. HF is also organized along the transverse axis, with different patterns of neural activity in the hippocampus and the entorhinal cortex. In some birds, a similar organization has been observed along both of these axes. However, it is not known what role inputs play in this organization. We used retrograde tracing to map inputs into HF of a food-caching bird, the black-capped chickadee. We first compared two locations along the transverse axis: the hippocampus and the dorsolateral hippocampal area (DL), which is analogous to the entorhinal cortex. We found that pallial regions predominantly targeted DL, while some subcortical regions like the lateral hypothalamus (LHy) preferentially targeted the hippocampus. We then examined the hippocampal long axis and found that almost all inputs were topographic along this direction. For example, the anterior hippocampus was preferentially innervated by thalamic regions, while the posterior hippocampus received more amygdalar input. Some of the topographies we found bear a resemblance to those described in the mammalian brain, revealing a remarkable anatomical similarity of phylogenetically distant animals. More generally, our work establishes the pattern of inputs to HF in chickadees. Some of these patterns may be unique to chickadees, laying the groundwork for studying the anatomical basis of these birds' exceptional hippocampal memory.
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Using quantitative receptor autoradiography, spirodecanone binding was evaluated in the gerbil hippocampus 1 h-1 month after cerebral ischaemia of 10 min. The spirodecanone binding was unaffected in the hippocampus up to 48 h after ischaemia. Thereafter, increased binding was found in the stratum radiatum of hippocampal CA1 sector 7 days and 1 month after ischaemia. Other hippocampal regions showed no significant alterations in the spirodecanone binding. A histological study revealed that the hippocampal CA1 sector was severely damaged 7 days and 1 months after ischaemia. These results demonstrate that spirodecanone binding sites are located on interneurones or glial cells in the hippocampal CA1 sector.
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Objective:To evaluate the effect of Polychlorinated Biphenyls(PCB) in cultured hippocampal neuronic cells of rats.Methods:After rats' hippocampal cells were cultured with different PCB, MTT was used to observe the growth and development of hippocampal cells.Results:It was obvious that hippocampal neuronic cells was inhibited in the highest groups of PCB,10 -4 group was apparently lower than that of control group(P0.01);10 -7 and 10 -6 groups were lower than that of control group(P0.05);The live rate of cell was reduced.Conclusion:PCB had strong nerve toxicity to hippocampal neuronic cells.
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Objective To observe the protective effect of brain-derived neurotrophic factor(BDNF) on Aβ25-35-induced primarily cultured hippocampal neuron injury.Methods Hippocampal cells taken from new-born Wistar rats were incubated in vitro,into which different concentrations of BDNF and aggregated Aβ25-35 were added to act on the cultured hippocampal neurons.Effect of BDNF on the survival rate of hippocampal neurons and apoptosis of hippocampal cells induced by Aβ25-35 was observed by MTT and Hoechst 33342 staining,respectively.Results The damage of hippocampal cells was less severe in BDNF treatment group than in Aβ25-35 model group,and the hippocampal cells grew well under microscope.MTT showed that the survival rate of hippocampal cells increased with the increased concentration of BDNF.Hoechst 33342 staining showed that the apoptosis rate of hippocampal cells decreased with the increased concentration of BDNF,which was lower in BDNF treatment group than in Aβ25-35 model group(P0.01).Conclusion BDNF can protect the cultured hippocampal neurons against injury induced by Aβ25-35 due to its neurotrophic activity.
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Objective:To investigate the protective effects of naoyikang on D-gal-induced injury in cultured hippocampal neurons in neonatal SD rat.Methods: By way of seropharmacology to collect the sera containing Naoyikang.Cultured hippocampal neurons were treated with D-gal.The protective effect of naoyikang were evaluated by cell morphology and colorimetric MTT assay.Results:Naoyikang can significantly increased the number of hippocampal neurons.Conclusion:Naoyikang can protect hippocampal neurons injuried from D-gal-induced injury.
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In this study, I investigate the role that hippocampal inhibitory cells (intemeurons) have on the synchronization of oscillations between the two hemispheres of the hippocampus. My study focuses in particular on the ripple oscillations, because this network activity is highly synchronous between left and right hippocampus. My hypothesis is that a subset of hippocampal intemeurons might establish axonal connections from the hippocampal area in which the somata reside towards the contralateral side, hence regulating inter-hippocampal ripple discharges. I address this hypothesis injecting in one side of the hippocampus substance P fragment, a peptide that increases the activity of subsets of inhibitory neurons in rat hippocampus, and the antimalarial Quinine whose roles as gap-junction blocker has been well established by numerous publications. Simultaneous recording from both hippocampi are thus compared to investigate whether ipsilateral injected drugs affect hippocampal ripple activity recorded contralaterally. I found that ripple oscillations are indeed affected by injection of the abovementioned drugs: Quinine increases length and decreases Inter Ripple Interval (I.R.I.) in both injected and contralateral hippocampus; on the other hand, SP decreases the average amplitude of the ripple episode, but increases the duration of the ripple event. Most importantly, many of the perturbations observed were preserved between injected and contralateral hippocampus. Since the drugs I employed affect mainly inhibitory neurons, I propose that long-range projecting inhibitory neurons located in the injected hippocampus are responsible for carrying the drugs' effects to the contralateral hippocampus. In conclusion, my results seem to indicate that long-range projecting intemeurons are involved in transmitting ripple synchronization information across the two hippocampi.
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