Revealing mechanisms of algal astaxanthin production and bioengineering potential using multiomics
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A gradient reversed-phase HPLC method was developed for the separation of astaxanthin esters and the isomers of astaxanthin from the unsaponified and saponified pigment extracts of the microalga Haematococcus pluvialis. Four kinds of isomers of astaxanthin and astaxanthin esters, (3S,3'S)-trans-astaxanthin, (3S,3'S)-9-cis-astaxanthin, (3S,3'S)-13-cis-astaxanthin, (3R,3'R)-trans-astaxanthin, and their esters, were separated and identified. A small amount of (3S,3'S)-15-cis-astaxanthin was also detected from the saponified extract. In addition, a chromatographic purification method was established for the preparation of natural trans-astaxanthin from the saponified extract of H. pluvialis. With this method, 3.7 mg of astaxanthin was isolated from 1 g of dry biomass of H. pluvialis. The purified astaxanthin contained approximately 97.7% trans-astaxanthin, 1.1% cis-astaxanthin, and 1.2% impurity. Keywords: Astaxanthin; astaxanthin esters; purification; carotenoids; Haematococcus pluvialis; HPLC
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Astaxanthin is a kind of red carotenoids with wide range of use. The advances of methods for strengthening astaxanthin accumulation in Haematococcus pluvialis were reviewed,such as stress method,mutation breeding method,plant hormones assist method and gene engineering method,as well as the status and characteristics of one-step and two-step large scale culture of Haematococcus pluvialis to produce astaxanthin, which will provide reference for further development and utilization of astaxanthin.
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Astaxanthin is a lucrative, biologically-derived xanthophyll compound used in a variety of industrial applications, ranging from human health and nutrition to cosmetics and animal feed. The stability of astaxanthin is limited and proper storage must be considered to ensure the full benefit of its oxidative capabilities. Pure extracted astaxanthin was subjected to oxidation factors of illumination and temperature for 11 weeks. NMR experiments were conducted to evaluate any oxidation or structural change over this period of time. To determine the rate of decomposition and oxidation of intracellular astaxanthin, 'whole cell' algal biomass from Haematococcus pluvialis rich in astaxanthin was stored under different conditions and tested in the presence of light and heat. The results showed that the extracted astaxanthin compound itself was stable while intracellular astaxanthin showed low stability in similar conditions, suggesting other biotic or chemical factors may degrade the carotenoid if not stored properly. Lower temperatures and the absence of direct light were the two most important conditions to aid carotenoid stability.
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1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid
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Chlorophyceae
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Astaxanthin, a natural red pigment that belongs to the carotenoid group, has been known as a super antioxidant due to its very strong antioxidant activity (65 times higher than vitamin C, 54 times more potent than -carotene, and 14 times higher than vitamin E). Haematococcus pluvialis is known as microalgae with a high astaxanthin content. The benefit of astaxanthin in health issues is mainly its potential as the treatment for degenerative diseases caused by reactive oxygen or nitrogen species. Thus, it is important to develop Haematococcus pluvialis microalgae as a rich source of natural astaxanthin in the health and pharmaceutical industries.
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Astaxanthin is a xanthophyll carotenoid widely used in aquaculture and nutraceutical industries. Among natural sources, the microalga Haematococcus pluvialis is the non-genetically modified organism with the greatest capacity to accumulate astaxanthin. Therefore, it is important to understand emerging strategies in upstream and downstream processing of astaxanthin from this microalga. This review covers all aspects regarding the production and the market of natural astaxanthin from H. pluvialis. Astaxanthin biosynthesis, metabolic pathways, and nutritional metabolisms from the green vegetative motile to red hematocyst stage were reviewed in detail. Also, traditional and emerging techniques on biomass harvesting and astaxanthin recovery were presented and evaluated. Moreover, the global market of astaxanthin was discussed, and guidelines for sustainability increasing of the production chain of astaxanthin from H. pluvialis were highlighted, based on biorefinery models. This review can serve as a baseline on the current knowledge of H. pluvialis and encourage new researchers to enter this field of research.
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Astaxanthin is widely applied as a nutraceutical, pharmaceutical, and aquaculture feed additive because of its high antioxidant activity. Haematococcus pluvialis is a microalgal species that can largely accumulate astaxanthin under adverse environmental conditions. Here we review the research progress of astaxanthin biosynthesis in H. pluvialis, including the induction and regulation of massive astaxanthin, the relationship between astaxanthin synthesis, photosynthesis and lipid metabolism.虾青素是一种重要的次级类胡萝卜素，具有高活性的抗氧化功能，广泛应用于食品保健、医药、水产养殖等领域。雨生红球藻是一种在胁迫条件下能够大量积累虾青素的微藻。文中回顾了雨生红球藻虾青素的生物合成研究的进展，包括虾青素生物合成的诱导与调控、虾青素合成与光合作用及脂类代谢的关系等研究现状。.
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