Issues related to the cessation of special production in chemical plants
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Changes in ownership, changes in technology, unprofitable production and other causes, force manufacturers to cease production of explosives in chemical plants. This process is well-controlled in some plants, and abrupt in others, without proper control or the required safety measures. Frequently, plants used previously for the production of explosives and explosive compositions change production or are retrofitted without prior cleaning or, after ceasing production, are left without appropriate supervision which may lead to serious or even fatal accidents. The issues of cessation of special production are discussed using examples.The evaporation source of evaporated explosive was designed and improved based on the inherent specialties of explosive. The compatibility of explosives and addition agent with evaporation vessels was analyzed. The influence of substrate temperature on explosive was analyzed, the control method of substrate temperature was suggested. The influences of evaporation rate on formation of explosive film and mixed explosive film were confirmed. Optimum evaporation rate for evaporation explosive and the better method for evaporating mixed explosive were presented. The necessary characteristics of the evaporated explosive film were obtained by the research of the differences between the evaporated explosive and other materials.
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Molecular structures and chemical properties of 1-aminoimidazole derivatives have been investigated at high levels of density functional theories. Heat of formation, density, explosive performances and impact sensitivities have been estimated at the global minimum of potential energy surface. As more nitro groups are introduced, the explosive performances of 1-aminoimidazole derivatives are enhanced, while the impact sensitivity becomes more sensitive. A two-dimensional plot between explosive performance and impact sensitivity has been utilized to comprehend the technical status of new explosive candidates. Based on locations in the two-dimensional plot, 1-aminodinitroimidzole isomers appears to have a potential to be good candidates for insensitive explosives, and 1-aminotrinitroimidazole may become a powerful explosive molecule whose behavior is quite close to HMX.
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Explosive detection
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Towards determining relative densities for common unknown explosives in improvised explosive devices
This paper proposes a methodology to obtain a model for estimating relative densities of unknown substances contained in Improvised Explosive Devices (IEDs) using scanning technology and image processing techniques. We assert that this technique can provide teams involved in explosive threat detection relevant information pertaining to a range of possible types of explosive material contained within an IED.
Explosive detection
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The evaporation source of evaporated explosive was designed and improved based on the inherent specialties of explosive. The compatibility of explosives and addition agent with evaporation vessels was analyzed. The influence of substrate temperature on explosive was analyzed, the control method of substrate temperature was suggested. The influences of evaporation rate on formation of explosive film and mixed explosive film were confirmed. Optimum evaporation rate for evaporation explosive and the better method for evaporating mixed explosive were presented. The necessary characteristics of the evaporated explosive film were obtained by the research of the differences between the evaporated explosive and other materials.
Vacuum evaporation
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This article analyzes the current status of the development of foreign commercial explosive,with an emphasis on the latest achievements in the properties and technologies of commercial explosives as ANFO explosive,aqueous explosive,ammonium nitrate explosive and nitroglycerin explosive,and finally puts forward the future development trends in the use safety,explosion power,lowering production cost and improving synthetic properties of commercial explosive.
Ammonium nitrate
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A high energetic explosive compound, 4,10-dinitro-2,6,8,12-tetraoxa-4,10-diazaisowurtzitane(TEX) synthesized by different routes is reviewed. The properties of TEX, such as explosive performance, thermal decomposition, friction sensitivity and impact sensitivity are summarized. It can be concluded that energy lever of TEX is higher than RDX, even exceeds TATB. Moreover, TEX is high solids pressable, extrudable explosive or simple castale explosive. It is expected that TEX has good potential applications in high performance, low sensitivity explosives.
TATB
Energetic material
Trinitrotoluene
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The behaviors of explosives under many conditions - e.g., sensitivity to inadvertent reactions, explosion, detonation - are controlled by the chemical and physical properties of the explosive materials. Several properties are considered for a range of improvised and conventional explosives. Here I compare these properties across a wide range of explosives to develop an understanding of explosive behaviors. For improvised explosives, which are generally heterogeneous mixtures of ingredients, a range of studies is identified as needed to more fully understand their behavior and properties. For conventional explosives, which are generally comprised of crystalline explosive molecules held together with a binder, I identify key material properties that determine overall sensitivity, including the extremely safe behavior of Insensitive High Explosives, and discuss an approach to predicting the sensitivity or insensitivity of an explosive.
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For application of FAE explosive under high-loading,the experimental device of drop hammer simulating impact was used.The axial stress of FAE explosive charge on launching was simulated by the method of up and down in the explosive sensitivity experiment.The experiments were simulated in different conditions that include charge technique,charge density and explosive formulation.By analysis of experimental results,the conclusion is explosive formulation and explosive density are the main causes that affect FAE launching safety.So explosive formulation should be complied with,and the proper charge stress and the adequate FAE explosive should be ensured.
Hammer
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The behaviors of explosives under many conditions - e.g., sensitivity to inadvertent reactions, explosion, detonation - are controlled by the chemical and physical properties of the explosive materials. Several properties are considered for a range of improvised and conventional explosives. Here I compare these properties across a wide range of explosives to develop an understanding of explosive behaviors. For improvised explosives, which are generally heterogeneous mixtures of ingredients, a range of studies is identified as needed to more fully understand their behavior and properties. For conventional explosives, which are generally comprised of crystalline explosive molecules held together with a binder, I identify key material properties that determine overall sensitivity, including the extremely safe behavior of Insensitive High Explosives, and discuss an approach to predicting the sensitivity or insensitivity of an explosive.
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This paper depicts the performances of a multi-sensor prototype on explosive vapor detection. The responses of the device in laboratory conditions but also in real life conditions were evaluated. Explosive precursors, explosive compositions and taggants were detected independently and under complex conditions, in presence of interfering compounds. Indeed, an efficient detector should detect small quantities of explosive in a realistic environment. It should also be selective to explosives and exhibit a very low level of false alarms when used in presence of benign substances or objects.
Explosive detection
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