Emerging Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19), a Pandemic Public Health Emergency with Animal Linkages: Current Status Update
Yashpal Singh MalikShubhankar SircarSudipta BhatObli Rajendran VinodhkumarRuchi TiwariRanjit SahAli A. RabaanAlfonso J. Rodríguez‐MoralesKuldeep Dhama
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Abstract:
After the appearance of first cases of ‘pneumonia of unknown origin’ in the Wuhan city, China, during late 2019, the disease progressed fast. Its cause was identified as a novel coronavirus, named provisionally 2019-nCoV. Subsequently, an official name was given as SARS-CoV-2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2) by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) study group. The World Health Organization (WHO) named the Coronavirus disease-2019 as COVID-19. The epidemics of COVID-2019 have been recorded over 113 countries/territories/areas apart from China and filched more than 4292 humans, affecting severely around 1,18,326 cases in a short span. The status of COVID-2019 emergency revised by the WHO within 42 days from Public Health International Emergency (January 30, 2020) to a pandemic (March 11, 2020). Nonetheless, the case fatality rate (CFR) of the current epidemic is on the rise (between 2-4%), relatively is lower than the previous SARS-CoV (2002/2003) and MERS-CoV (2012) outbreaks. Even though investigations are on its way, the researchers across the globe have assumptions of animal-origin of current SARS-CoV-2. A recent case report provides evidence of mild COVID-2019 infection in a pet dog that acquired COVID-2019 infection from his owner in Hong Kong. The news on travellers associated spread across the globe have also put many countries on alert with the cancellation of tourist visa to all affected countries and postponement of events where international visits were required. A few diagnostic approaches, including quantitative and differential real-time polymerase chain reaction assays, have been recommended for the screening of the individuals at risk. In the absence of any selective vaccine against SARS-CoV-2, re-purposed drugs are advocated in many studies. This article discourse the current worldwide situation of COVID-2019 with information on virus, epidemiology, host, the role of animals, effective diagnosis, therapeutics, preventive and control approaches making people aware on the disease outcomes.Keywords:
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Atypical pneumonia
In late December 2019, a cluster of unexplained pneumonia cases was diagnosed in Wuhan, China, and few days later, the causative agent of this mysterious pneumonia was identified as a novel coronavirus. This causative virus has been temporarily named as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and the relevant infected disease has been named as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) by the World Health Organization respectively. The COVID-19 epidemic is spreading in China and all over the world now...
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Objective To present the critical strategy and measures with the surveillance on foodborne disease outbreaks in Guangzhou,2006-2008. Method Data collected by Foodborne Disease Outbreaks Surveillance and Reporting System (FDOSR) of Guangzhou was analyzed on season,month,pathogen,food,meal place,reason,and so on. Results Total 189 foodborne disease outbreaks were reported,resulting 2678 cases and 6 deaths,with 14. 17 illnesses per outbreak, attack rate 13. 47% , and fatality rate 0. 22% . 166 outbreaks ( 87. 83% ) were ascertained of pathogens, with microorganisms of most outbreaks (58. 20% ) and cases (70. 95% ),poisonous propagations of largest deaths (66. 67% ). microorganisms accounted for the highest cases per outbreaks (17. 27 cases),while chemical agents of maximum at attack rate (91. 83% ),poisonous propagations of largest fatality rate (1. 86% ). Conclusion Efficiency and quality of FDOSR for correct prevention should be improved to reduce the burden of foodborne disease.
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Ebola is a deadly virus that causes frequent disease outbreaks in the human population. In this study, we analyse its rate of new introductions, case fatality ratio, and potential to spread from person to person. The analysis is performed for all completed outbreaks and for a scenario where these are augmented by a more severe outbreak of several thousand cases. The results show a fast rate of new outbreaks, a high case fatality ratio, and an effective reproductive ratio of just less than 1.
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Outbreaks cause significant morbidity and mortality in healthcare settings. Current testing methods can identify specific viral respiratory pathogens, yet the approach to outbreak management remains general. Our aim was to examine pathogen-specific trends in respiratory outbreaks, including how attack rates, case fatality rates and outbreak duration differ by pathogen between hospitals and long-term care (LTC) and retirement homes (RH) in Ontario. Confirmed respiratory outbreaks in Ontario hospitals and LTC/RH reported between September 1, 2007, and August 31, 2017, were extracted from the integrated Public Health Information System (iPHIS). Median attack rates and outbreak duration and overall case fatality rates of pathogen-specific outbreaks were compared in both settings. Over the 10-year surveillance period, 9,870 confirmed respiratory outbreaks were reported in Ontario hospitals and LTC/RH. Influenza was responsible for most outbreaks (32% in LTC/RH, 51% in hospitals), but these outbreaks were shorter and had lower attack rates than most non-influenza outbreaks in either setting. Human metapneumovirus, while uncommon (<4% of outbreaks) had high case fatality rates in both settings. Attack rates and case fatality rates varied by pathogen, as did outbreak duration. Development of specific outbreak management guidance that takes into account pathogen and healthcare setting may be useful to limit the burden of respiratory outbreaks.
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Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a newly emerged infectious disease with a high case-fatality rate and devastating socio-economic impact. In this report we summarized the results from an epidemiological investigation of a SARS outbreak in a hospital in Tianjin, between April and May 2003. We collected epidemiological and clinical data on 111 suspect and probable cases of SARS associated with the outbreak. Transmission chain and outbreak clusters were investigated. The outbreak was single sourced and had eight clusters. All SARS cases in the hospital were traced to a single patient who directly infected 33 people. The patients ranged from 16 to 82 years of age (mean age 38.5 years); 38.7% were men. The overall case fatality in the SARS outbreak was 11.7% (13/111). The outbreak lasted around 4 weeks after the index case was identified. SARS is a highly contagious condition associated with substantial case fatality; an outbreak can result from one patient in a relatively short period. However, stringent public health measures seemed to be effective in breaking the disease transmission chain.
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Coronaviruses (CoVs) cause a broad spectrum of diseases in domestic and wild animals, poultry, and rodents, ranging from mild to severe enteric, respiratory, and systemic disease, and also cause the common cold or pneumonia in humans. Seven coronavirus species are known to cause human infection, 4 of which, HCoV 229E, HCoV NL63, HCoV HKU1 and HCoV OC43, typically cause cold symptoms in immunocompetent individuals. The others namely SARS-CoV (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus), MERS-CoV (Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus) were zoonotic in origin and cause severe respiratory illness and fatalities. On 31 December 2019, the existence of patients with pneumonia of an unknown aetiology was reported to WHO by the national authorities in China. This virus was officially identified by the coronavirus study group as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), and the present outbreak of a coronavirus-associated acute respiratory disease was labelled coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19). COVID-19's first cases were seen in Turkey on March 10, 2020 and was number 47,029 cases and 1006 deaths after 1 month. Infections with SARS-CoV-2 are now widespread, and as of 10 April 2020, 1,727,602 cases have been confirmed in more than 210 countries, with 105,728 deaths.
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Evolution of a laboratory based system for investigating outbreaks of infectious intestinal disease.
In 1995 Preston Public Health Laboratory introduced an incident logging system intended to improve the investigation of suspected outbreaks of infectious intestinal disease. A unique incident log (Ilog) number assigned and issued to the reporting individual and other interested parties when the laboratory is informed of a potential outbreak is used to identify all associated specimens submitted to the laboratory and is quoted in all communications about the incident. The results are reviewed formally each month. Between January 1995 and December 1998, 349 potential outbreaks of infectious intestinal disease were investigated, 325 of which were considered to be general outbreaks. Small round structured viruses were identified in 45% of these outbreaks, salmonellas in 8%, and no pathogens in 35%. Data from the national surveillance scheme for general outbreaks of infectious intestinal disease included 104 general outbreaks in 1996 and 1997 for the entire North West region, but our laboratory alone reported 184 general outbreaks during that period. The Ilog system is a simple and effective means for reviewing data from outbreaks, and helps to coordinate their investigation.
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Viral zoonotic infections such as H1NA and SARS are the recent health threat to humans with high transmission and fatality rate and cause a significant global burden.The first SARS epidemic hit the world in 2003 and affects more than 8400 individuals with approximately 800 deaths cases across 26 countries.It was assumed that the reemergence of this virus may cause a threat to humans. 1 Indeed, In December 2019, cluster of pneumonia cases caused by a novel coronavirus emerged from Wuhan, China.This pneumonia like disease is caused by novel coronavirus which is initially which is later named as SARS-CoV-2 based on the symptoms it produced in the infected individuals, sever acute respiratory syndrome (SARS).The disease was named officially as COVID-19 by World Health Organization (WHO) and Coronavirus Study Group (SCG) of International Committee proposed to name the novel coronavirus as SARS-CoV-2.Till date of this writing, SARS-CoV-2 infected more than 10 million individuals with mortality rate of 6.5% from every country in the world.
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An outbreak of the novel coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), that began in Wuhan, China, resulted in the disease being named coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).1 Presently, there are more than 400,000 cases and 18,000 deaths worldwide owing to the COVID-19 outbreak that poses a big challenge to therapy.2 In this pandemic, aged patients who suffer from severe pneumonia and have multiple chronic diseases are the most susceptible population and have the highest fatality rate.
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