Compressed Oil Palm Fronds Composite: A Preliminary Study on Mechanical Properties
Mohd Sukhairi Mat RasatRazak WahabAmal Najihah Muhamad NorSitti Fatimah Mhd RamleMahani YusoffSiti Aisyah Nawawi
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Abstract:
The mechanical properties of composites consisting of compressed oil palm fronds have been investigated. Three maturity groups at different portion were bind together using two types of formaldehyde resin which were phenol and urea. Modulus of rupture (MOR) for bending strength of the compressed oil palm fronds composite increase from young to intermediate and mature maturity group for each portion, meanwhile decrease from bottom to middle and top portion for each maturity group. Same results trend have been recorded for modulus of elasticity (MOE) for bending strength and modulus of rupture (MOR) for compression strength. Statistical analysis indicated significant differences between compressed oil palm fronds composite made from each maturity group and portion, but no differences were observed in the type of resin used.Keywords:
Frond
Flexural modulus
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Urea-formaldehyde
Sodium hydroxide
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The aim of this study is to investigate physical and mechanical properties of experimental particleboards
manufactured from mixing the oil palm fronds particles with
empty fruit bunch fibers. Variables were two blending ratios
(100:0 and 70:30), press temperature (160°C and 180°C) and
press time (180 and 300 s). Experimental boards with a target density of 750 kg m-3 were manufactured from these two particles and fibers blended with urea formaldehyde resin and compressed into targeted thickness. The effect of these manufacturing conditions on bending strength, internal
bonding, water absorption and thickness swelling were
determined. From this research, it can be concluded that
hybridization of fibers with fronds particles improved some
properties of particleboard. Empty fruit bunch fibers and
fronds particleboard showed better modulus of rupture and
internal bonding than fronds particleboards.
Frond
Urea-formaldehyde
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Due to abundance of palm trunk waste, palm trunk can be used as alternative raw material of wood composites to replace future timber. However, the morphological of palm trunk is not truly woody material, so the quality improvement was studied by thermoplastic impregnation at different soaking time. The effect of thermoplastic resin impregnation on the morphological, physical and mechanical was investigated in this study. It was found that the amount of resin uptake to the palm trunk ranged from 3.85% to 6.25%. The density, thickness swelling and water absorption of treated palm trunk significantly improved. While, the modulus of rupture (MOR) and modulus of elasticity (MOE) of treated palm trunk was greater than untreated. This findings in this study indicated that thermoplastic resin would be considered alternative to formaldehyde-based resin to improved properties of palm trunk.At the request of all authors and with the approval of the proceedings editor, article 020268 titled, "Study on Quality Improvement of Palm Trunk by Thermoplastic Impregnation," is being retracted from the public record due to the fact that it is a duplication of article 020153 published in the same volume.
Furfuryl alcohol
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The mechanical properties of composites consisting of compressed oil palm fronds have been investigated. Three maturity groups at different portion were bind together using two types of formaldehyde resin which were phenol and urea. Modulus of rupture (MOR) for bending strength of the compressed oil palm fronds composite increase from young to intermediate and mature maturity group for each portion, meanwhile decrease from bottom to middle and top portion for each maturity group. Same results trend have been recorded for modulus of elasticity (MOE) for bending strength and modulus of rupture (MOR) for compression strength. Statistical analysis indicated significant differences between compressed oil palm fronds composite made from each maturity group and portion, but no differences were observed in the type of resin used.
Frond
Flexural modulus
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The physical, mechanical and microstructures properties of bio-composite lumber made from compressed oil palm fronds were studied. Resins of phenol and urea formaldehyde were used as the binders. The oil palm fronds were obtained from an eight years old oil palm plantation in Kota Belud, Sabah. The fronds were segregated into three groups of maturity, which were old, intermediate and young oil palm fronds; meanwhile each maturity group was divided into three portions, which were bottom, middle and top portion. The leaflets and epidermis were removed from the fronds before they were sliced longitudinally into thin layers. The layers were then compressed into uniform thickness of 2-3 mm. The layers were air-dried and later mixed with resins using 12-15% of phenol and urea formaldehyde and recompressed with other layers forming biocomposite lumber. The bio-composite lumber was then tested for their physical and mechanical properties. Testing was conducted in accordance to the International Organization for standardization (ISO) standard. The result on the physical and mechanical properties show that the compressed oil palm fronds bio-composite lumber from bottom portion of old maturity group possessed the highest values in physical and mechanical testing compared the others. Statistical analysis indicated significant differences between bio-composite lumber made from each groups and portions, but no differences were observed in the type of resin used. The bio-composite lumber from compressed oil palm fronds has potential to be used as an alternative to wood to overcome the shortage in materials in the wood industry.
Frond
Urea-formaldehyde
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Distilled water
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High demand for wooden materials and rises in agricultural areas and forest fires increased the importance of composite particleboard instead of using solid woods. Particleboards are among the most popular materials used in interior and exterior applications. The objective of this study was to examine the physical and mechanical properties of phenol formaldehyde particleboard made from oil palm trunk (OPT) with 11% resin content. Two different board thicknesses were use; 12mm and 16mm. The particle size use in this study was 2mm and 1mm. Phenol formaldehyde (PF) was used as the binder. The result showed that modulus of rupture and modulus of elasticity were perform better at 16mm board thickness with 1.0mm particle size and meet the standard. The internal bonding strength was parallel with bending strength.
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In this study, properties of oil palm frond and kenaf bast fiber composite tested on different ratios and different resin content of urea formaldehyde that were 10%, 12%, and 14%. The physical and mechanical properties of this bio-composite board have been successfully investigate including the micrographs structure obtained through scanning electron microscopy. The oil palm fronds and kenaf bast fibers were mixed with various ratios there are 100:0, 70:30, 50:50, 30:70, 0:100 (OPF: Kenaf). The experiments were designed to investigate and compare the properties of oil palm fronds and kenaf bast fibers composite boards with differences resin content. All the testing, specimen size and shape were done in accordance to European Standard. There were 5 replications for each physical testing (moisture content, water absorption and thickness swelling, density and contact angle) and mechanical testing (static bending for MOE and MOR, and internal bonding). For the physical and mechanical testing, they were tested for the composite boards. Generally, result for the mechanical testing there were static bending for MOE and MOR and internal bonding strength showed that the composite boards from 100% Oil Palm Fronds with 14% of resin content exhibited the highest properties compare to the other ratios.
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