Performance of Malaria Volunteers regarding Malaria Control Activities in Southeastern Myanmar: A Study in the Areas under Coverage of an Ethnic Health Organization
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Malaria volunteers (MVs) play an essential role in resolving malaria problems by delivering greater access to diagnosis and treatment services, mainly for the underserved community residing in hard-to-reach rural areas. The Karen Department of Health and Welfare (KDHW) has implemented community-based malaria control activities among the ethnic minorities in southeastern Myanmar by promoting the roles of MVs. This study aimed to explore the factors influencing the performance of MVs regarding malaria control activities in the area. From July to August 2019, a cross-sectional study was conducted in 12 townships of southeastern Myanmar under the umbrella of the KDHW malaria project. A total of 140 MVs were employed as study participants. Data were collected through face-to-face interviews using a structured questionnaire. For data analyses, descriptive statistics, chi-squared tests, and logistics regression models were applied. More than half of the MVs perceived a good level of performance on malaria control activities. A higher level of performance has been observed among the MVs who had another job (AOR: 1.9, 95% CI: 1.2–3.9), those experienced in health-related fields (AOR: 1.9, 95% CI: 1.4–4.9), who received good community support (AOR: 2.1, 95% CI: 1.3–10.9), who were volunteers beyond three years (AOR: 4.0, 95% CI: 2.8–9.2), and whose family income totaled over 500,000 MMK (AOR: 2.8, 95% CI: 1.6–4.2). The results mentioned the characteristics which should be prioritized in recruiting MVs. MV network and their workforce need to be nurtured by encouraging community support. For performance sustainability, attractive incentive schemes or a salary should be subsidized in support of their livelihoods.While ethnic identity, ethnic relations, ethnic conflict, and immigration are increasingly important factors in national, regional, and international affairs, there are no definitions or criteria consistently applied to delineate ethnic groups in nation worldwide. Thus, in this article, I have examined the concept of ethnic groups and theories of ethnicity concisely, in the hope of promoting discussions of the theories of ethnicity, and popularizing those concepts of ethnic groups and ethnicity.
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Intraleucocytic malaria pigment has been suggested as a measure of disease severity in malaria. We have tested this hypothesis by studying 146 children aged 6 months to 14 years in 4 categories--cerebral malaria, mild malaria, asymptomatic malaria and 'no malaria'--in Ibadan, Nigeria, an area of intense malaria transmission in Africa. Children with cerebral malaria were studied at the university hospital, those with mild malaria at 2 primary health centres and the other 2 groups were studied in a primary school. The proportion of pigment-containing neutrophils showed a clear rise across the spectrum no malaria--asymptomatic malaria--mild malaria--cerebral malaria (median values 2.0%, 6.5%, 9.0% and 27.0%, respectively; P < 0.0001). The proportion of pigment-containing monocytes did not differ significantly between the mild malaria, asymptomatic malaria and no malaria groups but the cerebral malaria group had a higher median value than the other 3 groups. The ratio of pigment-containing neutrophils to pigment-containing monocytes showed the same trend across the groups of subjects as was observed with the number of pigment-containing neutrophils. It is concluded that the pigment-containing neutrophil count is a simple marker of disease severity in childhood malaria in addition to the parasite count.
Cerebral Malaria
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Objective To study the malaria epidemic characteristics and control measures, so as to control malaria and eradicate falciparum malaria in Guangxi Autonomous Region of China. Methods During attack phase integrated measures were taken to control falciparum malaria in natural villages which were classified according to the prevalence of malaria; post control of malaria, the major control measure was seeking and getting rid of the malaria infection source through examining the fever patients and the annul blood examination rate was up to 10%. Results The malaria morbidity in Guangxi was reduced from 296.7 to 0.07; during 1997-2001 a total of 6 241 011 fever patients and foci residents were examined and only 485 cases of vivax malaria were found out, but falciparum malaria was not discovered. Conclusion The measures were very effective for basically eliminating malaria and falciparum malaria in Guangxi.
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[Objective]To understand the malaria prevalence before and after basic elimination of malaria in the county.[Methods]Collected and collated the internal and external sources of malaria in the county from 1980-2008.Excel statistical software was used for statistical analysis.[Results]During the last 28 years,there 1 128 malaria cases were reported.Before eradication of malaria,48.32% were the local malaria patients,51.68% were the floating population.After the malaria eradication,it found all 116 malaria cases were floating population.The places where the population infected were respectively 65.25% for Hainan,10.80% for Guangdong,2.66% Myanma,2.19% Yunnan.And Plasmodium falciparum malaria and mixed infection were found.[Conclusion]After the eradication of malaria,internal malaria patients are not found in the county.Malaria cases are mainly from the floating population.It dose not find secondary malaria patients.The effect of anti-malaria has been consolidated.
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A small molecule can cure malaria infections in mice with a single dose, researchers report. They also show that the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum has a tough time developing resistance to the compound, known as MMV688533. If shown to be safe and effective in people, MMV688533 could be a powerful weapon in the fight against malaria. Malaria infections and deaths declined between 2000 and 2015 thanks to preventative measures, diagnostics, and therapeutics, but the number of people who get malaria has plateaued since 2016. Malaria parasites in Southeast Asia have developed resistance to the current arsenal of antimalarial drugs, making them ineffective in many cases. This same resistance threatens to become a problem in Africa, where malaria takes the biggest toll. Malaria killed about 409,000 people in 2019, according to the World Health Organization. "It could easily get a lot worse if we lose our first-line drugs," says malaria researcher
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More than 200 million people worldwide contract malaria from mosquito bites. In sub-Saharan Africa, 100 million clinical cases of malaria are reported every year, resulting in almost one million deaths. Malaria has been implicated in the causation of deafness in several studies in the West Africa subregion. This paper examines the association between malaria and deafness, and considers which factors may be involved in the causation of deafness. Although age, immunity, the type of malaria parasite, fever, complications of malaria, and complications resulting from the drug treatment of malaria may contribute to the development of deafness in malaria, the actual mechanism of causation is not clearly understood. Deafness in malaria is associated with P. falciparum parasitic infection. The author is certain that the high fever in malaria, leading to febrile convulsions and cerebral involvement, can result in deafness. Further investigation is needed to determine whether the presence of untreated malaria parasites in the blood causes deafness.
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After mentioning the main differences between malaria control and malaria eradication, it is suggested that all anti–malaria activities in Iran should be renamed as malaria control. Applied research in malaria is identified into four categories covering the following subjects. 1- Malaria parasites and anti-malaria drugs. 2- Malaria vectors. 3- Malaria in the community. 4- Use of epidemiological techniques in malaria field research. Various research programs that at present could or should be carried out in each category have been discussed in the text.
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The book Ethnic Groups and Their Culture,whose chief editor is Professor Xu Jie-shun,was published by the Heilongjiang People's Publishing House in 2006 and collected the relevant achievements of studies of ethnic groups of the contemporary anthropology researchers.The works provides the latest interpretation of ethnic groups study in the academic circle in China and falls into such sections as special articles,concept of ethnic groups,theory of ethnic groups,identity of ethnic groups,relations of ethnic groups and culture of ethnic groups.
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Implementing modern ethnic education will lead t o creation of a culture conforming to the times and with local and ethnic charac teristics.To achieve this goal,ethnic education must combine objective reality a nd general demands of modern education with subjective desires and special deman ds of ethnic students.Ethnic education must serve ethnic development.
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Malaria may be encountered in parts of South Africa not known to have malaria, in ways not typical of how it is usually transmitted or acquired. In this issue of SAMJ two articles discuss two clinical forms of malaria in non-endemic areas, imported malaria and odyssean malaria. Imported malaria is defined as malaria presenting in a country other than that in which it was acquired, while odyssean malaria is acquired in non-malarious area from the bite of an imported mosquito. Imported and odyssean malaria are important because of the high incidence of complications and mortality often associated with them, and should be remembered as a cause of unexplained fever and thrombocytopenia. Key to reducing the complications and mortality related to malaria is early recognition and treatment.
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