Optimal rare-earth (La, Y and Sm) doping conditions and enhanced mechanism for photocatalytic application of ceria nanorods
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Morphological tuning or additional cation doping is one of the potential and simple methods to enhance the photocatalytic properties of ceria, in which rare-earth element doped ceria nanorods (CeO2-RE NRs) are expected to be a promising photocatalyst with high activity. But the optimal doping conditions, including the variety and concentration of RE elements are ambiguous, and the contribution of doped RE ions to the enhancement of photocatalytic activity needs to be further studied. In this work, we doped La, Y and Sm with a wide range of 0%-30% into CeO2 NRs, and investigated the phase, morphology, band gap, oxygen vacancy concentration, PL spectra and photocatalytic activity variation under different doping conditions. All synthesized CeO2-RE NRs possessed a good nanorod morphology except the 15 and 30% Y-doped samples. The energy band gaps of the synthesized samples changed slightly; the 10% CeO2-RE NRs with the narrowest band gaps possessed the higher photocatalytic performance. The most outstanding photocatalyst was found to be the 10% Y-doped CeO2 NRs with a methylene blue photodegradation ratio of 85.59% and rate constant of 0.0134 min-1, which is particularly associated with a significant higher oxygen vacancy concentration and obviously lower recombination rate of photogenerated e-/h+ pairs. The doped RE ions and the promotion of oxygen vacancy generation impede the recombination of photogenerated carriers, which is proposed as the main reason to enhance the photocatalytic property of CeO2.Keywords:
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Mg germanide nanorods were successfully fabricated by interdiffusion of the Mg into Ge nanorods on Si substrates at 425 oC for 0.5 h. It was observed that the Mg2Ge nanorod structures were formed by an interdiffusion process between the deposited Mg atoms and the Ge nanorods. Moreover, Mg2Si nanorods were formed by additional interdiffusion between the Mg2Ge nanorods and the Si substrates at 425 oC for 4 h. The structural properties of the Mg2Ge and Mg2Si nanorods were characterized, and the growth evolution of the structural and morphological properties of the nanorods was discussed.
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CeO2 nanorods were synthesized by a hydrothermal method and used as the support for preparing a series of Ni/CeO2 nanorod catalysts. The surface area of the catalysts decreased when the Ni percent over the CeO2 nanorods was increased. SEM results showed that the CeO2 is formed by nanorods approximately 1 μm in length. TEM and HREM revealed that the width of the nanorods is about 8 nm and it grew along the [1 1 1¯] axis. The catalytic activity of the catalysts was improved as the Ni was loaded onto CeO2 nanorods. The exposed planes of the CeO2 nanorod structure along the zone axis [0 1 1] for Ni impregnation were (1¯ 1¯ 1), (1 1 1¯), (1 1¯ 1), (1¯ 1 1¯), (2 0 0) and (2¯ 0 0) and they were more reactive for methanol conversion than (2¯ 2¯ 0), (2¯ 0 2¯), (0 2 2¯), (0 2¯ 2), (2 0 2) and (2 2 0) planes from the [1 1 1¯] axis (growth direction of the nanorod). This finding is mainly ascribed to the synergistic effect of the CeO2 nanorods and the Ni.
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We have very recently discovered a new hydrogen-producing photocatalyst is BiNbO4. BiNbO4 powders prepared by solid state reaction were tested for photocatalytic activity in methanol solutions under UV irradiation. When the material is tested without the presence of a Pt co-catalyst, photocatalytic activity for H2 evolution is superior to that of TiO2. It was also found that BiNbO4 photodegrades into metallic Bi and reduced Nb oxides after use; materials were characterized by SEM, XRD, and XPS. Adding Pt to the surface of the photocatalyst increases photocatalytic activity and importantly, helps to prevent photodegradation of the oxide material. With 1 wt. % Pt loading, photodegradation is essentially absent. BiNbO4 photodegrades into metallic Bi and reduced Nb oxides after use; materials were characterized by SEM, XRD, and XPS. Adding Pt to the surface of the photocatalyst increases photocatalytic activity and importantly, helps to prevent photodegradation of the oxide material. With 1 wt. % Pt loading, photodegradation is essentially absent.
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-Fe2O3@C core-shell nanorods with average diameter of 20 nm and length of 150 nm are synthesized by transforming FeOOH@PVA nanorods under the condition of high pressure and high temperature (HPHT). The FeOOH@PVA nanorods are prepared via a hydrothermal route. The best synthesis condition for transforming FeOOH@PVA core-shell nanorods into -Fe2O3@C nanorods is 400 ℃ under 1 GPa. Owing to high aspect ratios, the -Fe2O3@C nanorods present a high coercivity of 330 Oe (10 Oe=79.5775 A/m). The possible mechanism for the synthesis of -Fe2O3@C nanorods is also discussed. The HTHP method can provide a new way for preparing of one-dimensional core-shell nanostructures.
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We have simulated the heating process of gold nanorods, elucidating a mechanism by which nanorods alter their aspect ratio at higher temperatures. We also studied the relative stabilities of nanorods by constructing nanorods with varying ratios of {110} to {100} exposed surfaces along the body of the nanorod. The least stable nanorod was found to be the nanorod with the largest {110} surfaces, followed by the nanorod with the largest {100} surfaces, while the nanorod with approximately equal surface areas of {100} and {110} surface was found to be the most stable. It was also found that the addition of surface disorder increased the stability of nanorods with large {110} surfaces, while paradoxically decreasing the stability of nanorods with large {100} surfaces. The reasons for this are elucidated and compared to experimental laser-induced gold nanorod transformation studies.
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A chain of three silver nanorods with progressively decreasing sizes and separations is designed to focus the electric fields around the small nanorods. The optical properties of the chain of silver nanorods are investigated by the discrete dipole approximation method. The results show that, compared with the individual small nanorod and the chain of two nanorods, many enhanced electric fields are focused around the small nanorod of the chain of three nanorods due to the electric field couplings between adjacent nanorods. Therefore, the design of the chain of three nanorods provides a way to obtain stronger electric fields. In addition, how the structural parameters of the chain of three nanorods affect their optical properties is also studied.
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