Integrated Battery Charger Topologies for Traction Inverters in Electrified Vehicles
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Battery charger
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Battery chargers are fundamental components for successful deployment of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) into future smart grid. Recently, an integrated isolated bidirectional battery charger has been proposed for PHEV applications. The proposed charger eliminates the conventional bulky dc-link capacitor by feeding a dual-bridge resonant tank directly from the three-phase grid. The disadvantages associated with the presented charger are the high number of semiconductor switches which contribute to high cost and switching losses of converter as well as complicated control circuitry. In this paper, the previous structure is modified to address the aforementioned drawbacks and is controlled by a modified switching algorithms. The new proposed PHEV battery charger is verified mathematically and by simulation results to provide higher power density with lower switching stress and losses.
Battery charger
Bridge (graph theory)
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Integrated charger topologies that have been researched so far with dc-dc converters and the charging functionality have no isolation in the system. Isolation is an important feature that is required for user interface systems that have grid connections and therefore is a major limitation that needs to be addressed along with the integrated functionality. The topology proposed in this paper is a unique and a first of its kind topology that integrates a wireless charging system and the boost converter for the traction drive system. The new topology is also compared with an on-board charger system from a commercial electric vehicle (EV). The ac-dc efficiency of the proposed system is 85.1% and the specific power and power density of the onboard components is ~455 W/kg and ~320 W/l.
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Traction inverters are of critical importance in the propulsion systems of hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs). This paper focuses on major design aspects of HEV traction inverters comparing different types of the existing inverter topologies, reviewing the power specifications in commercialized hybrid electric vehicles, and discussing the advanced power module packaging technology. In addition, related applications of the wide bandgap power devices are reviewed. This paper also gives the overall overview of the current traction inverters and future trends for automotive applications.
Traction motor
Hybrid vehicle
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So far, the charging functionality for vehicles has been integrated either into the traction drive system or to the dc-dc converters in plug-in electric vehicles (PEV). This study features a unique way of combining the wired and wireless charging functionalities with vehicle side boost converter and maintaining the isolation to provide a hybrid plug-in and wireless charging solution to the plug-in electric vehicle users. The proposed integrated charger combined with SiC technology shows the end-to-end and dc-to-dc system efficiencies of 85.9% and 88.9% for wireless charging mode, and 88.8% and 92.4% for the wired charging mode of operation.
Inductive charging
Plug-in
Spark plug
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Battery charger
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A reduction of the charging time of traction batteries in electric vehicles is a decisive factor for a widespread adoption of this technology. Being constrained by the volume of on-board battery chargers, a direct increase of the charging power would not be a satisfactory option. Thus, innovative solutions have to be sought to break through this limitation. One such solution consists on making use of components present in the powertrain to implement the battery charging function. In this manner, a straightforward approach would be to operate the propulsion drive inverter as a three-phase rectifier. In this case, however, the power density of the system would be restricted by the volume of the input filter inductors. In this publication, a different approach is examined that promises a further increase in power density as well as an improvement of the efficiency of the powertrain. The concept is based on the idea of integrating the battery charger into the resonant auxiliary circuits of a soft switching inverter. Consequently, a reduction in space requirements for the battery charger can be coupled with an improvement in efficiency of the propulsion inverter that ultimately can lead to an enhacement of the overall power density of the system. By means of a practical case study, design aspects of the proposed concept are discussed and its characteristics are investigated.
Powertrain
Battery charger
Rectifier (neural networks)
Power density
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Electric vehicles (EVs) use grid power to charge their batteries. Because the battery is charged only when the car is parked -except for regeneration at braking-, using the on-board traction system components to form an integrated charging device is made possible. This paper presents a review of on-board integrated EV chargers and design criteria. It is aimed at presenting a state of the art on the integrated chargers to researchers, designers, and engineers. A classified list of around 70 research articles is also appended for a quick reference.
State of charge
Power grid
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Battery chargers are essential components for further development of plug-in vehicles including electric or hybrid electric vehicles. The 3.3kW battery charges are widely used in plug-in vehicles in which the power source is the single phase ac grid. The auto industry has stringent requirements on the size, efficiency, temperature and packaging of the onboard chargers that are reviewed in this paper. Usually there is a power factor pre-regulator and an isolated DC/DC stage in a typical onboard charger. Different circuit topologies are feasible for both stages. Some of the most used topologies are reviewed in this paper. Some simulation results are provided and a practical example is presented. Different practical aspects of these chargers are presented and explained.
Plug-in
Spark plug
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This paper presents an integrated onboard battery charger and accessory dc-dc converter for plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs). The integrated charger utilizes the already available traction drive inverters and motors in a PEV as the frond converter of the charger circuit and shares the high frequency transformer with the 14V accessory dc-dc converter for providing galvanic isolation. As a result, the integrated charger has lower cost, weight, and volume than a standalone charger. Experimental results on a 5 kW charger prototype are included to verify the topology.
Galvanic isolation
Battery charger
Traction motor
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Looking back in the past decade, an intensive research program on the development of the integrated battery charger for electric vehicles (EVs) is being carried out. The battery charger is made with the already existing component inside the EVs such as electrical machine (three-phase or multiphase, PMSM or IM), inverter and DC-DC converter, when the traction mode is not engaged. The integrated battery charger can be a slow charger for those connected to a single-phase grid and a fast charger for those connected to a three-phase source. This paper provides a review of fast three-phase integrated battery charger and presents the novel charger options that could bring significant advantage on the development of EVs. Moreover, a comparison between the novel options and the proposed chargers in the references are offered in this paper.
Battery charger
Three-phase
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