Correction to: Gyral-sulcal contrast in intrinsic functional brain networks across task performances
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Neurophysiological findings and recent theorizing suggest that contrast may influence the ease of attentional selection, with high-contrast stimuli easy to select and hard to ignore. We tested this in four experiments. In Exp 1, subjects searched for a target (an “8” or a “9”) in a display of digits. In separate blocks, subjects searched a display of: (A) low-contrast digits, (B) high-contrast digits, (C) half low- and half high-contrast digits, with the target appearing among the low-contrast digits, or (D) half low- and half high-contrast digits, with the target appearing among the high-contrast digits. In conditions C and D, subjects were told the contrast of the target, potentially allowing them to select based on contrast. Subjects performed significantly better in condition C than in A (and better in condition D than in B), indicating that contrast differences between relevant and irrelevant stimuli improves search even when the irrelevant stimuli are of higher contrast. In Exps 2 and 3, subjects searched for a target among digits within half of the items, which was defined by color (red vs. green) or location, respectively. The contrast of these “relevant” and “irrelevant” sets was independently manipulated. When the relevant subset was defined by color, the search was easier whenever the “relevant” and “irrelevant” items had different contrast levels, even when the distractors were high-contrast. However, when the relevant items were in distinct locations, search was harder when the irrelevant subset was of high-contrast. This was not true, however, when the same experiment was repeated with different contrast levels presented in different blocks (Exp 4). Overall, the results suggest that selective attention to either high- or low-contrast is readily achieved, although this capability is not always utilized. The results challenge the most obvious linkage between attentional function and neurophysiological findings concerning contrast and attention.
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Russian neuropsychology, created by the works of A.R. Luria and his students, is currently undergoing a period of differentiation. In addition to the two main themes—clinical and experimental neuropsychology (with their practical applications, i.e., the diagnosis and restoration of higher mental functions)—developmental neuropsychology (of childhood and old age), the neuropsychology of borderline states, the psychophysiological aspects of neuropsychology, and a number of other areas are also in the midst of a process of formation. Among the new themes that have gained importance in the past few years we have the neuropsychology of individual differences, based on application of the theories, methods, and procedures of neuropsychology to study of the mental functions of normal people.
Clinical neuropsychology
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Neuropsychological Assessment
Functional impairment
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Hollingsworth recently showed a posttest contrast for ANOVA situations that, for equal N, had several favorable qualities; the contrast is maximized so that if the overall F test were significant, the contrast would also be significant. The coefficients are chosen such that , which is said to help interpret the resulting contrast. However, for unequal N, the contrast suggested by Hollingsworth fails to achieve status as a maximized contrast; thus the contrast is not insured to be significant when the overall F test is significant, requiring separate testing of the contrast.
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This article established a general theory of equating visibilities based on task contrast and contrast sensitivities. It quantifies the relationship between equivalent contrast of a task and its physical contrast, as well as the relationship between visual CRF (Contrast Rendition Factor) and physical CRF.
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Luria's neuropsychological school Abstract: This article presents the theoretical and methodological bases of A.R. Lurias neuropsychological approach, one of the founders of the new neuropsychology. The success of Luria's neuropsychology is related to the character of psychological ideas which he used for the study of the problem and psycue. There are differences between occidental neuropsychology and that of Luria, which is considered to be a branch of psychological science. Among the basic principles of this approach are the following: brain structures responsible for the realization of psychological functions which are highly differentiated; the brain as the substratum of psychological processes is organized according to systemic principle. The achievements of the neuropsychological school of A.R. Luria in scientific and methodological areas in the post-Lurian period are presented. Key words: Neuropsychology, Neuropsychological theory, Neuropsychological schools.
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Whether contrast adaptation may enhance contrast discrimination is a question that has remained largely unresolved because of conflicting empirical evidence. Greenlee and Heitger (1988), for example, reported that contrast discrimination may be enhanced after contrast adaptation, while Maattanen and Koenderink (1991) did not. This paper aimed to account for the different conclusions reached by these independent researchers by manipulations of key differences that exist between the two studies. It is shown that contrast discrimination may be enhanced after adaptation, but that these effects can vary markedly across subjects and test conditions. Enhancements in contrast discrimination are reported to be significant when adapting and testing at low levels of contrast, but just significant at higher levels of contrast. For high contrast signals; enhancements are shown to be independent of temporal frequency but dependent upon viewing conditions. Under binocular viewing conditions, enhancements in contrast discrimination thresholds are shown to be significantly higher than under monocular viewing conditions. It is suggested that the different conclusions reached by Greenlee and Heitger and by Maattanen and Koenderink may be explained by their respective differences in viewing conditions. The former study used binocular, while the latter study used monocular viewing with an occluding eyepatch.
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The aim of this paper is to rationalize the idea of constructing a contrast category as one of the semantic categories in Chinese Language,as well as to classify it from different perspectives.There are theoretical supports from cognitive psychology and linguistic that contrast as a semantic category in modern Chinese is the reflection of contrast as part of humankinds' cognitive mechanism.As a semantic category revises a certain relationship,contrast is characterized by highlighting difference.From different perspectives we can classify contrast category into different sub-categories as follows:marked contrast and unmarked contrast,antithetical contrast and non-antithetical contrast,two-thing contrast and two-profile contrast,linear contrast and non-linear contrast,overt contrast and implied contrast,unitary contrast and multiple contrast and etc.
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keyword index of abstracts presented at the international neuropsychological society, british neuropsychological society and the division of neuropsychology of the british psychological society joint mid–year meeting, july 6–9, 2005, dublin, ireland - Volume 11 Issue S2
Clinical neuropsychology
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