General Context of Smallholder Farmers’ Access to Seed of Improved Legume Varieties and Innovation Platform Perspectives
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The results of respiration studies with detached nodules, legume roots, and non-legume roots from several species of plants, carried out according to standard manometric procedures, are as follows: 1. Rates of respiration of legume nodules and small legume and non-legume roots maintained in a nutrient solution in air averaged nearly the same, the QO2 values being about 2.2. Rates of respiration of the roots of various species of plants showed no marked differences for roots of comparable age, size, and condition. 2. Respiratory quotients of small legume and non-legume roots maintained in air were usually slightly less than 1.0 and hence were definitely lower than for nodules, although large roots may also show values considerably above 1.0 because of slow oxygen penetration. 3. Rates of respiration per unit of dry matter of legume nodules in pure oxygen were more than twice as great as in air, whereas values for the small legume and non-legume roots were usually not markedly affected by the additional oxygen. Nodules therefore have an inherent capacity for respiring at a more rapid rate than root tissues, provided the inner cells can get the necessary oxygen. 4. Small legume and non-legume roots are more deficient in available energy supply than are nodules, a mean increase in QO2 of about 40 per cent due to glucose additions to roots being obtained, compared with 12-14 per cent with nodules. 5. Rates of respiration per unit of nitrogen of legume and non-legume roots maintained in air were three to four times as great as for nodules. Even in pure oxygen the QO2(N) values of roots were on the average about twice as great as for nodules. 6. These data are in harmony with the idea, so frequently suggested by morphological studies, that the nodule consists of plant cells largely filled with comparatively inactive bacteria. The bacteria oxidize only a very small portion of the total carbohydrate photosynthesized by the host plant.
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Abstract The majority of the methods, presently used for determining the botanical composition of mixed forages, are complicated, time consuming, and seldom accurate. The increasing interest in research on grass/legume forage mixtures gives rise to the need for accurately surveying the botanical composition available to the grazing animals. The purpose of this report is to describe a simple, accurate, and rapid method for determining the legume foliage composition in a grasslegume mixture. Pinitol (l‐D‐3‐0‐methyl‐ chiro ‐inositol) was isolated from forage legumes, grown in the greenhouse and field plots, and determined to be unique to the Leguminosae family. Since pinitol occurs only in the legume fraction of a grass‐legume forage mixture, the legume composition is directly proportional to the pinitol concentration in the 80% ethanolic extract of the dried ground foliage mixture. Contrary to carbohydrates, pinitol concentration in legume foliage has been determined to be relatively stable over a normal daily range of environmental conditions and each stage of plant growth. The procedure was evaluated by determining the alfalfa ( Medicago sativa L.) component of a greenhouse grown alfalfa‐fescue ( Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) mixture over a range of concentrations and found to accurately estimate the actual legume composition (r 2 = 0.989). This method could be easily adapted for use in quantifying the legume composition in animal diets collected by esophageal fistulated animals.
Festuca
Festuca arundinacea
Medicago
Medicago sativa
Fodder
Trefoil
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The influences of nitrogen(N) addition on the competitive ability and productive performance of legume-grass mixtures were analyzed in this paper.The results showed that the forage yield,CP yield and EE yield after adding N significantly increased.The productive performance of these patterns was significantly improved.The legume /grass yield,grass and legume relative density after adding N did not significantly changed,indicating that the ecological niche of legume and grass had differentiation.The competitive ability of legume decreased,whereas the competitive ability of grass increased.Therefore,the productive performance of legume-grass mixtures was improved,the competitive patterns of legume and grass was undermined after adding N.
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ABSTRACT Efficient detection of spatial legume dry matter (DM) contribution in legume–grass mixtures is of great importance for targeted management of legume‐based swards. Legume coverage may be an appropriate indicator for the contribution of legumes, because it can be assessed by on‐the‐go systems with digital image analysis (DIA). To examine the perspectives of DIA a pot experiment, under controlled conditions, was conducted across a wide range of legume species (white clover [ Trifolium repens L.], red clover [ Trifolium pratense L.], and alfalfa [ Medicago sativa L.]), legume proportion (0–800 g kg −1 ), and growth stage (start of tillering to start of heading). In this study, an advanced procedure for the determination of legume DM contribution by DIA is suggested. The DIA procedure comprises the analysis of color images and applies an advanced function to predict legume DM contribution from legume coverage by considering total sward biomass. This resulted in an accurate prediction of legume contribution (grams per kilogram) with R 2 of 0.90, 0.94, and 0.93 for red clover, white clover, and alfalfa, respectively. For validation, swards of a field experiment were used. It showed that legume detection is possible, but for practical field application some further adjustments are necessary.
Red Clover
Trifolium repens
Medicago sativa
Medicago
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Grain legumes are economic sources of proteins, carbohydrates, vitamins and minerals to the people of developing world. However, legume foods have lower utilization. This has been attributed to the presence of several anti-nutritional factors in legume seeds. Prolonged cooking time required prior to consumption is one of the constraints in legume acceptability.
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ABSTRACT An efficient and accurate detection of the contribution of legume dry matter (DM) in legume–grass mixtures is of great importance for a targeted management of legume‐based swards. Legume coverage is a frequently used parameter to describe the dominance structure in vegetation because it is easily accessible. The present study investigates the relationships between legume coverage and different legume species and growth stages. A dataset was generated from a pot experiment that was conducted under controlled conditions across a wide range of legume species ( Trifolium repens L., T. pratense L., Medicago sativa L.), proportions of legumes (0–800 g kg −1 ), and growth stages (tillering to heading). Multiple regression analysis revealed a positive relationship between legume contribution and coverage for the separate legume species ( R 2 = 0.98–0.99), as well as for the combined dataset including all legumes ( R 2 = 0.98). Total biomass was related to clover coverage in a complex manner, reducing legume contribution by up to 180 g kg −1 with an increase of total biomass from 300 to 1500 kg DM ha −1 The validation of the models with mixed swards of grass and either white or red clover that were grown in the field showed good results ( r 2 = 0.98).
Red Clover
Medicago
Trifolium repens
Medicago sativa
Dominance (genetics)
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Mung bean
Lima beans
Dry bean
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Studies indicate that the digestibility of heated legume protein is affected by the presence of other seed components and the structure of the protein. The discussion of legume protein digestibility in this article focuses primarily on proteins of the common bean, Phaseolus vulgaris
Protein digestibility
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Properties of four common legume protein isolates were studied,including legume include mung bean,red bean,soy bean,and kidney bean.Heat-induced denaturalization and gelation of these legume protein isolates were detected by using Differential Scanning Caloriumetry,Rheometer,and Texture Properties Analysis.The results indicated that the difference of these legume protein isolates.The order of diversified beans gelations hardness was:kidney beanmung beansoy bean red bean.Microstructure of heated and unheated protein isolates were observed by Atomic Force Microscopy.Compared with unheated protein,heated aggregation made the protein linked each other.
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