A New Look at the Separation Surge in Europe: Contrasting Adult and Child Perspectives
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This study contrasts adult and child perspectives on divorce and separation. Based on harmonized retrospective life history data from eight European countries, we study the risk of divorce and separation from the perspective of adult unions and the perspective of children born into these unions. The analysis connects adult and child perspectives, focusing on union cohort changes (1945 to 2005) in the associations between parenthood, education, and (parental) separation. Our findings show that trends differ substantially between adult and child perspectives. First, the cohort surge in divorce and separation is stronger in adults than in children. Second, inequality in the risk of divorce and separation grows faster in children than in adults. For both trends, disparities between adult and child perspectives grow across cohorts due to increasingly negative associations between parenthood, education, and separation. In several countries, the separation surge has been trivial for children of higher-educated couples.Keywords:
Separation (statistics)
Abstract This paper estimates the impact of cohort size on wages using data on young males in European regions covering 2004–10. The effect of cohort size on wages is identified through an instrumental variables strategy which, in contrast to previous analyses of European data, addresses self‐selection into geographical areas as well as into educational groups. The results suggest that cohort size has a significant negative effect on male wages for individuals with secondary education — the largest group — but not for individuals with less than secondary education or tertiary education. This effect is underestimated if self‐selection into geographical areas is not addressed.
Cohort effect
Positive selection
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Secondary education
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Abstract. Surges are an important source of glacier hazards and complete surge-type glacier inventories are required for assessing glacier-related hazards. Glacier surge events in High Mountain Asia (HMA) are widely reported. However, the completeness of present inventories of HMA surge-type glaciers is constrained by the insufficient spatial and temporal coverage of glacier change observations, or by the limitations of the identification methods. In this paper, we established a new inventory of HMA surge-type glaciers based on the glacier surface elevation changes over four decades. Four kinds of elevation sources (KH-9 DEM, NASADEM, COP30 DEM, HMA8m DEM) were utilized to estimate the glacier surface elevation changes during two periods (1970s–2000 and 2000–2010s). In total 1015 surge-type glaciers were identified in HMA. Compared to the latest surge-type glacier inventory in HMA, our inventory incorporated 477 new surge-type glaciers. The number and area of surge-type glaciers accounted for ~2.49 % (excluding glaciers less than 0.3 km2) and ~23.32 % of the total glacier number and glacier area in HMA, respectively. Considering that glacier outlines are usually composed of multiple tributaries within a glacier complex, the proportion of surge-related area may be overestimated, and the number of surge-type glaciers could be even larger. Surge-type glaciers were found in 21 of the 22 subregions of HMA (except for the Dzhungarsky Alatau), however, the density of surge-type glaciers is highly uneven. Surge-type glaciers are common in the northwest subregions (e.g., Pamir and Karakoram), but scarce in the peripheral subregions (e.g., Eastern Tien Shan, Eastern Himalaya, and Hengduan Shan). The inventory indicates that surge activity is more likely to occur for larger and longer glaciers. Besides, we found a potential relationship between the frequency of surge activities andregional glacier mass balance. The subregions with slightly negative or positive mass balance hold large clusters of surge-type glaciers, while those with severe glacier mass loss hold very few surge-type glaciers. In some subregions where glacier mass loss accelerated, the frequency of surge activities that occurred before 2000 was much higher than that after 2000. The inventory is available at: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6944979 (Guo et al., 2022).
Elevation (ballistics)
Glacier mass balance
Glacier morphology
Rock glacier
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Abstract A spectacular surge occurred on Peters Glacier, Alaska, in 1986 and 1987. Several observations on the glacier were made during the course of its surge. These observations are compared with those on other surging glaciers and then interpreted in terms of the ideas on surge mechanisms and dynamics as originally postulated by Post (unpublished) and further developed during the surge of Variegated Glacier by Kamb and others (1985) and Raymond and Harrison (1986, in press). It is shown that the concepts of rapid basal motion due to high water pressure at the glacier bed and the initiation of a surge during the winter due to a pressurization of the limited supply of basal water are well supported by these observations on the surge of Peters Glacier. An extremely high suspended sediment load rich in very fine material was observed, which also supports ideas on basal processes expected during this type of surge. One interesting (and puzzling) feature of this surge cycle is that the termination of the surge occurred in late winter 1987, when surface melt water was at a minimum. This is in direct contrast to the termination of the surge on Variegated Glacier, which occurred during the period of peak ablation.
Glacier ice accumulation
Accumulation zone
Cirque glacier
Tidewater glacier cycle
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Abstract A spectacular surge occurred on Peters Glacier, Alaska, in 1986 and 1987. Several observations on the glacier were made during the course of its surge. These observations are compared with those on other surging glaciers and then interpreted in terms of the ideas on surge mechanisms and dynamics as originally postulated by Post (unpublished) and further developed during the surge of Variegated Glacier by Kamb and others (1985) and Raymond and Harrison (1986, in press). It is shown that the concepts of rapid basal motion due to high water pressure at the glacier bed and the initiation of a surge during the winter due to a pressurization of the limited supply of basal water are well supported by these observations on the surge of Peters Glacier. An extremely high suspended sediment load rich in very fine material was observed, which also supports ideas on basal processes expected during this type of surge. One interesting (and puzzling) feature of this surge cycle is that the termination of the surge occurred in late winter 1987, when surface melt water was at a minimum. This is in direct contrast to the termination of the surge on Variegated Glacier, which occurred during the period of peak ablation.
Accumulation zone
Glacier ice accumulation
Tidewater glacier cycle
Cirque glacier
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The quasi‐periodic oscillations between normal and fast motion exhibited by surge‐type glaciers provide the best observational opportunity to determine limiting conditions that allow fast motion. The measurements from Variegated Glacier prove that its surge motion is caused by rapid sliding induced by high water pressure. This arises from a major restructuring of the basal hydraulic system, which impedes water discharge prior to and during surge. Although the evolving glacier geometry and stress distribution play a principal enabling role, the seasonal timing of two distinct surge pulses, each initiated in winter and terminated in summer, indicates a major influence from variable external water inputs. This influence is not considered in existing surge models and should promote caution in the use of data from temperate and subpolar surge‐type glaciers to deduce surge potential in polar ice masses. The spatial spreading of surge motion from a zone of local initiation occurs by stress redistribution, which may spread the surging zone rapidly upglacier or downglacier inside a region of active ice, and by mass redistribution with compressional thickening at the surge front, which enables down‐glacier propagation into less active ice. The data from other surge‐type glaciers, including the extensive data from Medvezhiy Glacier, are not inconsistent with the above processes but are inadequate to establish whether completely different mechanisms operate in some surges. The way by which water accumulates and produces fast sliding is not established in detail for any surge‐type glacier and may be different on different glaciers depending, for example, on the presence or absence of unconsolidated debris between the ice and rock.
Glacier ice accumulation
Accumulation zone
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Abstract Glacier surging is a dynamic instability that affects the flow of some glaciers, modifying the glacier area, surface velocity, and surface elevation. It is also among the major causes of ice dams and glacier lake floods. Previous studies have shown that in the West Kunlun Mountains| (WKM) where a cluster of surge‐type glaciers had been found, the glaciers were relatively stable in recent years. Nevertheless, the surge cycle and its impact on glacier changes on a regional scale are poorly understood. In this study, we updated the surge‐type glacier inventory of the WKM using the detailed changes in glacier length, surface velocity, and surface elevation during the 1972–2020 period using 78 Landsat optical images, 86 Sentinel‐1 synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images, and three digital elevation models of the WKM. The updated results show that among the 423 glaciers in the WKM, 10 are confirmed as surge‐type glaciers, three are likely surge‐type glaciers, and five are possible surge‐type glaciers. Furthermore, these 18 glaciers account for 63% of the total glacier area. During the period analyzed, there were marked changes in the lengths, areas and surface elevations of all surge‐type glaciers, while those of the non‐surge‐type glaciers were relatively stable. These results appear to indicate that the observed regional trends of glaciers in the WKM recently may be related to the existence of surge‐type glaciers. Furthermore, the surge‐type glacier underwent advance after accelerating for 3–4 years, which could be used to forecast when glacier termini may advance and avoid the possible catastrophic damages.
Glacier morphology
Glacier mass balance
Glacier ice accumulation
Elevation (ballistics)
Rock glacier
Cirque glacier
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We analyse the interdependence between marital separation and home ownership. Past research showed that separations reduce the likelihood of owning a home. We add to this literature by allowing partners to be aware of the risk of separation in our empirical analysis. We analyse (i) residential moves to owned and rented dwellings and (ii) the selection processes between ownership and separation. We also assess differences by gender and for two different institutional contexts, Britain and Germany. Drawing on results from two longitudinal surveys (British Household Panel Survey and Socio-Economic Panel Study, 1991–2008), we find that separation is negatively associated with ownership. Part of this effect is explained by lower prior investments in ownership by those who separate, but the effect is partly a direct consequence of separation. Although ownership rates increase again after repartnering, these rates do not reach the levels of the first marriage. Although the effect of separation has a universal character, substantial differences in housing markets allow ex-partners in Britain to maintain relatively high levels of ownership after a separation, while ownership rates fall dramatically in Germany.
Separation (statistics)
Car ownership
Falling (accident)
Marital separation
Panel analysis
Housing tenure
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Abstract. Surges are an important source of glacier hazards and complete surge-type glacier inventories are required for assessing glacier-related hazards. Glacier surge events in High Mountain Asia (HMA) are widely reported. However, the completeness of present inventories of HMA surge-type glaciers is constrained by the insufficient spatial and temporal coverage of glacier change observations, or by the limitations of the identification methods. In this paper, we established a new inventory of HMA surge-type glaciers based on the glacier surface elevation changes over four decades. Four kinds of elevation sources (KH-9 DEM, NASADEM, COP30 DEM, HMA8m DEM) were utilized to estimate the glacier surface elevation changes during two periods (1970s–2000 and 2000–2010s). In total 1015 surge-type glaciers were identified in HMA. Compared to the latest surge-type glacier inventory in HMA, our inventory incorporated 477 new surge-type glaciers. The number and area of surge-type glaciers accounted for ~2.49 % (excluding glaciers less than 0.3 km2) and ~23.32 % of the total glacier number and glacier area in HMA, respectively. Considering that glacier outlines are usually composed of multiple tributaries within a glacier complex, the proportion of surge-related area may be overestimated, and the number of surge-type glaciers could be even larger. Surge-type glaciers were found in 21 of the 22 subregions of HMA (except for the Dzhungarsky Alatau), however, the density of surge-type glaciers is highly uneven. Surge-type glaciers are common in the northwest subregions (e.g., Pamir and Karakoram), but scarce in the peripheral subregions (e.g., Eastern Tien Shan, Eastern Himalaya, and Hengduan Shan). The inventory indicates that surge activity is more likely to occur for larger and longer glaciers. Besides, we found a potential relationship between the frequency of surge activities andregional glacier mass balance. The subregions with slightly negative or positive mass balance hold large clusters of surge-type glaciers, while those with severe glacier mass loss hold very few surge-type glaciers. In some subregions where glacier mass loss accelerated, the frequency of surge activities that occurred before 2000 was much higher than that after 2000. The inventory is available at: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6944979 (Guo et al., 2022).
Glacier morphology
Elevation (ballistics)
Glacier mass balance
Glacier ice accumulation
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This paper deals with the surge of the axial flow compressor,its causes and imperilments,discusses the ways to avoid the surge in engine structures and in actual flights and puts forward tentative ideas to apply the military relief fuel anti-surge technology to civil airplanes.
Axial Compressor
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Surge-type glaciers have been observed in several mountain ranges of the world. Though Karakoram and Pamir are the hot spots for the occurrence of surge-type glaciers in High Mountain Asia, few surge-type glaciers also exist in Tien Shan. These have not been studied or reported in detail in the recent literature. We have identified 39 surge-type glaciers and five tributary surges in Tien Shan either from available literature or by visual interpretation using available images from the period 1960 until 2014. Out of the 39 glaciers, 9 are confirmed as surge-type, 13 are very probably surge-type, and the remaining are possibly of surge-type. Most of the surge-type glaciers are located in Ak-Shiirak and Central Tien Shan. Compared with the normal glaciers of Tien Shan, the surge-type glaciers are larger, cover higher ranges of elevations, and have shallower slopes. There is no significant difference in aspect. The largest surge events were observed in Central Tien Shan: North Inylchek Glacier (years 1996/1997) and Samoilowich Glacier (years 1992 until 2006) advanced several kilometers. The surge cycle was around 50 years for both of these glaciers. The advance was less pronounced for all other surge-type glaciers during the period ca. 1960–2014. Some of the tributary glaciers behaved differently than the main glaciers in the sense that they continuously advanced during the entire period of our study, whereas the main glaciers have remained stable or retreated.
Cirque glacier
Glacier morphology
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