Analysis of Mg(OH)2 Deposition for Magnesium Air Fuel Cell (MAFC) by Saline Water
Sahriah BasriNurul Shahzira HazriShanjeva Rao SelladuraiAzran Mohd ZainoodinSiti Kartom KamarudinSalamiah ZakariaA.R. Hashim
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Abstract:
Magnesium air fuel cell (MAFC) systems are eco-friendly fuel cells that use electrolytes of saltwater and oxygen from the air to produce power. However, MAFC cells face a critical problem, which is the deposition of side products on the surface of the Mg anode plate and the cathode electrode. Therefore, this study will focus on the analysis of factor on Mg(OH)2 deposition by identifying the optimal seawater, Mg alloy, and surface roughness and additives solution. Magnesium plates AZ31 are used as the anode, and air electrode as the cathode. This study also considers physical characteristics such as SEM, EDX and corrosion test while chemical characterization by performance test with difference electrolyte, anode, and roughness. Catechol-3,5-disulfonic acid disodium salt (tiron) as anti-deposition used to reduce the deposition of Mg(OH)2 on the anode and cathode surfaces and thus improve the performance of MAFC. From the performance study, the MAFC able to produce a power density of 27.54 mW/cm2 which is high compare to the MAFC without tiron. Therefore, with the active area by 110.25 cm2, the MAFC generates 2.93 W. The deposition of Mg(OH)2 reduces the active area of magnesium oxidation, thus, reduce the electricity generation. With the knowledge of optimal seawater concentration and improvement of a single fuel cell system, this study is expecting to assist the fisheries and aquaculture sector as well as the coastal communities in terms of providing a better, safer, and cheaper alternative source of electricity.Keywords:
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The effect of tiron (4,5-dihydroxy-1,3-benzene disulfonic acid) on the binding of Ca 2+ and its effect on vascular responses of the rat perfused mesenteric bed was studied at concentrations of tiron that are used widely to scavenge superoxide anion. In competition assays in buffered solutions with no tissue present, tiron decreased the fluorescence ratio of fura-FF, a measure of [Ca 2+ ]: the inhibition constant (K i ) of tiron with Ca 2+ was 0.692 ± 0.036 mM. In the mesenteric bed perfused at constant flow and preconstricted with 90 mM KCl, tiron evoked decreases in perfusion pressure of the mesenteric bed in a concentration-dependent manner (R max = 43.58 ± 2.6 mmHg; EC 50 = 1.46 ± 0.33 mM). This vasodilator effect of tiron was similar in the presence of the superoxide anion scavenger, tempol (R max = 46.12 ± 1.87 mmHg; EC 50 = 1.34 ± 0.27 mM). In the presence of 90 mM KCl, increasing concentrations of Ca 2+ increased perfusion pressure and tiron shifted the concentration-response curve to Ca 2+ to the right. In freshly drawn blood from rats, tiron increased clotting time. The data indicate that tiron binds Ca 2+ at concentrations at or below those commonly used to scavenge superoxide anion, an action that may be responsible for a variety of biological responses. The interpretation of effects of tiron in previous work on the role of superoxide anion may need to be re-evaluated.Key words: tiron, calcium, mesenteric vascular bed, superoxide anion, tempol.
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A spectrofluorimetric method for the determination of Fe(IIl) in aqueous solution with 4,5-dihydroxy-1,3-benzenedisulfonic acid(Tiron) as a fluorimetric reporter was developed. Tiron, which is very soluble in water,is a good fluorimetric reagent. However, when Tiron was complexed with Fe(III), the fluorescent intensity was decreased proportionally with the concentration of Fe(III) by a quenching effect. The excitation and fluorescene wavelength of Tiron showing the quenching effect by Fe(III) at pH 4.5 were 312 nm and 341 nm, respectively. The highest sensitivities were shown at Tiron concentration of . To enhance the quenching effect, the Fe(III)-Tiron complex solution was heated to 80 for 90 minutes. As for Fe(III), the most interfering ion was Cu(II). The interference effects could be mostly eliminated by pH adjustment or by adding EDTA. The concentration ranges showing the linear response to Fe(III) was from With this proposed method, the detection limits of Fe(III) was . Recovery of Fe(lII) in a synthetic sample was almost quantitative. Based on experimental results, it is proposed that the above technique can be applied to the practical determination of Fe(III).
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It has been shown recently that small organic molecules, used as dispersants in the colloidal processing of ceramic powders to adjust the forces between the particles, are quite efficient in preparing aqueous suspensions of high solid loadings and low viscosity. One of them is 4,5-dihydroxy-1,3-benzenedisulfonic acid, disodium salt monohydrate, ((OH)2C6H2(SO3Na)2·H2O), commercially known as Tiron. The adsorption of Tiron, as a function of its concentration and solution pH, onto alumina was investigated by the solution depletion method, applying UV spectrophotometry. KNO3 (10-2 mol/l) was used as the background electrolyte. The obtained results indicate an increase in the amount of adsorbed Tiron with its increasing concentration. The maximum adsorption was recorded at pH≈7 when the Tiron molecule was uncharged, i.e. undissociated (pKa1=7.6). The experimental data were fitted with different adsorption isotherm models. The maximum amount of Tiron adsorbed, as well as the constants of adsorption process were calculated.
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Abstract A pH‐spectrophotometric study of the Ti‐tiron complex in the presence of Ca ions revealed the existence of mixed compounds of Ca‐Ti‐tiron. These could account for the interference of Ca in the determination of Ti by tiron. The formation of these mixed compounds under varying concentrations of components and at varying pH is discussed. The absorbance of the Ti‐tiron was likewise studied in the presence of many colorless salt solutions, but the behavior of Ca was found to be unique. Use was made of the color of the mixed compounds of Ca‐Ti‐tiron to develop a method for the identification of small amounts of Ca in the presence of large quantities of many common salts.
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A spectrofluorimetric method for the determination of EDTA in real samples such as mayonnaise, powder detergent and cleansing cream with tiron (4,5-dihydroxy-1,3-benzenedisulfonic acid) as a fluorimetric reporter was developed. When tiron is chelated with Cu(II), the fluorescent intensity is decreased by a quenching effect. However, when Cu(II)-tiron chelate reacts with EDTA, fluorescent intensity is increased as tiron is released. Several experimental conditions such as pH of the sample solution, the amount of Cu(II), the amount of tiron, heating temperature and heating time were optimized. Fe(III) interfered more seriously than any other ions, interference of Fe(III) could be disregarded, because Fe(III) was scarcely contained in selected real samples. The linear range of EDTA was from $8.0{\times}106{-8}\;M$ to $2.0{\times}10^{-6}\;M$ . With this proposed method, the detection limit of Fe(III) was $5.2{\times}10^{-8}\;M$ . Recovery yields of 92.7~99.3% were obtained. Based on experimental results, it is proposed that this technique can be applied to the practical determination of EDTA.
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A spectrofluorimetric method for the determination of EDTA in real samples such as mayonnaise, powder detergent and cleansing cream with tiron (4,5-dihydroxy-1,3-benzenedisulfonic acid) as a fluorimetric reporter was developed. When tiron is chelated with Cu(Ⅱ), the fluorescent intensity is decreased by a quenching effect. However, when Cu(Ⅱ)-tiron chelate reacts with EDTA, fluorescent intensity is increased as tiron is released. Several experimental conditions such as pH of the sample solution, the amount of Cu(Ⅱ), the amount of tiron, heating temperature and heating time were optimized. Fe(Ⅲ) interfered more seriously than any other ions, interference of Fe(Ⅲ) could be disregarded, because Fe(Ⅲ) was scarcely contained in selected real samples. The linear range of EDTA was from 8.0×10?? M to 2.0×10?? M. With this proposed method, the detection limit of Fe(Ⅲ) was 5.2×10?? M. Recovery yields of 92.7~99.3% were obtained. Based on experimental results, it is proposed that this technique can be applied to the practical determination of EDTA.
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