Divergent profiles of fentanyl withdrawal and associated pain in mice and rats

textabstractThis thesis compiles the experimental studies on several drugs, which modulate drug dependence phenomena in rodents. The main part of the studies is related to the morphine withdrawal (chapters 3-7), while a minor part is dealing with cocaine psychic dependence (chapter 9).

Withdrawal syndrome

Physical dependence

Drug withdrawal

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Symptoms of Withdrawal | Drug Withdrawal Remedies

Mark Adams

When a person is going through the detox process, their body and brain will react against detoxing and cause symptoms of withdrawal.

Drug withdrawal

Withdrawal syndrome

Social withdrawal

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Genetic Influences on the Development of Physical Dependence and Withdrawal in Animals

Ann Kosobud John C. Crabbe

Abstract Alcohol withdrawal can be as benign as the common hangover experienced after a single episode of intoxication, or with continued excessive use it can evolve into the dramatic and life-threatening delirium tremens. Before the development of effective treatment, mortality rates among severe cases were as high as 15%. The exact mechanisms underlying withdrawal, and their relationship to the complex disorder of alcoholism, remain unknown. Is withdrawal merely a side effect of chronic alcohol abuse? Or are the processes that result in withdrawal fundamental to the process of addiction? Among the many symptoms and consequences of alcohol abuse, the withdrawal syndrome is one of the most puzzling. Although withdrawal symptoms can appear in an intoxicated individual, it is generally agreed that the syndrome intensifies as ethanol (EtOH) levels fall. The syndrome may continue to worsen long after the direct effects of EtOH have become negligible, and the severest form of withdrawal in humans can appear as many as five days after the last drink (Victor and Adams, 1953).

Delirium tremens

Withdrawal syndrome

Physical dependence

Alcohol withdrawal syndrome

Social withdrawal

Drug withdrawal

Alcohol Dependence

Alcohol abuse

10.1093/oso/9780195088779.003.0010

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Marijuana Withdrawal Syndrome: Should Cannabis Withdrawal Disorder Be Included in DSM-5?

Alan J. Budney

DSM-IV, published in 1994, did not include a cannabis withdrawal disorder diagnosis. DSM-IV-TR clearly stated the reason for the omission: “Symptoms of possible cannabis withdrawal . . . have been described in association with the use of very high doses, but their clinical significance is uncertain.”1

Withdrawal syndrome

Social withdrawal

Cannabis Dependence

Drug withdrawal

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Effects of depletion of brain catecholamines during the development of morphine dependence on precipitated withdrawal in rats

Naunyn-Schmiedeberg s Archives of Pharmacology (1975)

J. Bl�sig A. Herz C. Gramsch

Physical dependence