Double trouble: could Ichthyophthirius multifiliis be a vehicle for the bacterium associated with red mark syndrome in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss?
Chiara PasqualettiJacob Günther SchmidtAlessandra CafisoLeandro GammutoOlivia LanzoniDagoberto SepúlvedaAmedeo ManfrinLisandro Benedetti‐CecchiNiels Jørgen OlesenChiara BazzocchiGiulio Petroni
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Ichthyophthirius multifiliis
Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) ranging from fry to marketing size were sampled monthly in 2002 from three farms to determine prevalence, abundance, and intensity of Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, the causative agent of ichthyophthiriasis. I. multifiliis was present and active in the farms from June to August. However, outbreaks of ichthyophthiriasis occurred only late in summer. Persistent presence of the ciliated parasitic protozoan in the farms suggests that I. multifiliis is endemic in the region. Thus, effective measures such as decreasing of host densities and routine prophylactic treatments should be applied to decrease or eliminate the impact of the parasite on growth of the host. This is the first extensive study providing seasonal data on the presence of I. multifiliis in the Eastern Black Sea Region of Turkey.
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The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of gamma irradiation on Ichthyophthirius multifiliis trophonts and to determine the effects of exposure on inactivated parasites in rainbow trout. In the first trial, fish were treated with irradiated Ichthyophthirius multifiliis trophonts for 21 days. Results showed that irradiation at doses of 150 Gy and higher was required to inactivate Ichthyophthirius multifiliis trophonts. The LD50 value obtained was 52.2 Gy. In the second trial, the effects of irradiated Ichthyophthirius multifiliis trophonts on physiological and biochemical components of blood and mucus, as well as skin morphology, were studied for 30 days. Results showed that total protein levels increased in fish exposed to 100 and 150 Gy irradiated trophonts. Fish exposed to 150 Gy treated parasites showed significant increases in serum lysozyme activity. Serum alkaline phosphatase levels were significantly lower in the treatment groups. In the skins of fish exposed to 100 and 150 Gy irradiated trophonts, a higher percentage of goblet cells was observed. Mucus protease and esterase levels were also higher in the treatment groups compared to the control group on days 20 and 30. This suggests that rainbow trout appear to benefit from treatment with gamma-irradiated Ichthyophthirius multifiliis trophonts, especially at 150 Gy.
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The dependence of immunological reactions of fishes infected with Ichthyophthirius multifiliis infusoria was elucidated. The invasion of the parasite results in the activation of the immune system, increased phagocytosis and a growth of the activity of oxydase enzymes. With the increased number and sizes of parasites a decrease of the above parameters below the control values is observed. Changes of the immunological values are most dynamic at high (20-25 degrees) and they are slower at low (10 degrees) temperatures.
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The protozoan parasite Ichthyophthirius multifiliis is an economically important parasite for the aquaculture- and ornamental fish industry. The parasite is abundant worldwide and infects the skin, gills and fins of freshwater fish species. For approximately the last fifty years the innate and protective immune mechanisms induced by I. multifiliis have been in focus in different fish hosts. By utilizing transgenic zebrafish, new tools to investigate this have emerged. The aim of this study was therefore to elucidate early immune responses in zebrafish larvae by using gene expression and in vivo imaging of neutrophil and macrophage behavior during infection. For the first time, zebrafish larvae were infected with the parasite and infection dynamics, parasite size and host-parasite interactions were investigated. Results showed that the larvae responded with mild inflammation and that the 12 compared to 5 days post fertilization larvae were significantly less susceptible. It was furthermore observed that neutrophils and macrophages were attracted to the parasites and that neutrophils reacted with neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) when fighting the parasite. The parasite was rotating vigorously, presumably to impede the neutrophils and macrophages from attaching to it but on rare occasions, neutrophils and macrophages were able to kill the parasite. Based on these observations, we concluded that the parasite uses the rotation as an immune evasive strategy and that the zebrafish larvae respond with high activity from neutrophils and macrophages locally but systemically only with mild inflammation.
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DAO Diseases of Aquatic Organisms Contact the journal Facebook Twitter RSS Mailing List Subscribe to our mailing list via Mailchimp HomeLatest VolumeAbout the JournalEditorsSpecials DAO 44:41-45 (2001) - doi:10.3354/dao044041 Occurrence of Ichthyophthirius multifiliis within the peritoneal cavities of infected channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus Joanne L. Maki1,*, Corrie C. Brown2, Harry W. Dickerson1 1Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-7386, USA 2Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-7386, USA *E-mail: jmaki@vet.uga.edu ABSTRACT: Ichthyophthirius multifiliis is a ciliated protozoan parasite that infects the skin and gills of freshwater fish. This report describes the unusual finding of I. multifiliis within the peritoneal cavities of experimentally infected channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus. Twenty catfish fingerlings were exposed to I. multifiliis theronts using a standardized protocol. Five infected fish and 2 control fish were killed at various time points after infection and their tissues examined. Formalin-fixed, paraffin embedded sections were processed for light microscopy and immunohistochemical detection of I. multifiliis immobilization antigen. Trophonts were observed in skin and gill sections of all exposed fish. Parasites were associated with epithelial hyperplasia, focal areas of cellular disruption and necrosis. In addition to these usual sites of infection, individual trophonts were unexpectedly found within the peritoneal cavities of 4 fish. Staining for parasite antigen facilitated their detection within abdominal adipose tissue or adjacent to intestines. This discovery is interesting as it suggests I. multifiliis may be found in tissues other than the skin and gills during the course of a normal infection. KEY WORDS: Ichthyophthirius multifiliis · Ich · Protozoa · Ciliate · Ictalurus punctatus · Channel catfish · Pathology · Immunohistochemistry Full text in pdf format PreviousNextExport citation RSS - Facebook - Tweet - linkedIn Cited by Published in DAO Vol. 44, No. 1. Online publication date: January 26, 2001 Print ISSN: 0177-5103; Online ISSN: 1616-1580 Copyright © 2001 Inter-Research.
Ichthyophthirius multifiliis
Ictaluridae
Fresh water fish
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Ichthyophthirius multifiliis
Fresh water fish
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Ichthyophthirius multifiliis
Fresh water fish
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Ichthyophthirius multifiliis
Danio
Protozoan parasite
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Both innate and acquired immunity against ciliates, especially against the ciliate, Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, are covered in this review. Much of the experimental research on the immunity of fish against ciliates has focused on Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, one of the most common and destructive protozoan parasites of freshwater, fish. The mechanisms of protective immunity of fish against Ichthyophthirius multifiliis have come under close scrutiny and the vaccine of Ichthyophthirius multifiliis has been successfully worked out. This is the only effective parasite protozoan vaccine to protect fish from infection.
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