Effects of plastic mulching on the accumulation and distribution of macro and micro plastics in soils of two farming systems in Northwest China
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Inappropriate disposal of the plastic mulching debris could create macroplastics (MaPs) and microplastics (MiPs) pollution in agricultural soil.To study the effects of farming systems on accumulation and distribution of agricultural plastic debris, research was carried out on two farming systems in Northwest China. Farming in Wutong Village (S1) is characterized by small plots and low-intensity machine tillage while farming in Shihezi (S2) is characterized by large plots and high-intensity machine tillage. In September 2017, we selected six fields in S1, three fields with 6-8 years of continuous plastic mulching (CM) as well as three fields with over 30 years of intermittent mulching (IM). In S2, we selected five cotton fields with 6, 7, 8, 15 and 18 years of continuous mulching. In both regions, MaPs and MiPs from soil surface to 30 cm depth (0-30 cm) were sampled.The results showed that in S1, MaPs mass in fields with 6-8 years CM (i.e., 97.4kg·ha-1) were significantly higher than in fields with 30 years IM (i.e., 53.7 kg·ha-1). MaPs in size category of 10-50 cm2 accounted for 46.9% in fields of CM and 44.5% in fields of IM of total collected MaPs number. In S2, MaPs mass ranged from 43.5 kg·ha-1 to 148 kg·ha-1. MaPs in size category of 2-10 cm2 account for 41.1% of total collected MaPs number while 0.25-2 cm2 accounted for 40.6%. MiPs in S1 were mainly detected in fields with over 30 years of intermittent mulching (up to 2,200 particles·kg-1 soil), whereas in S2 were detected in all fields (up to 900 particles·kg-1 soil). The results indicated farming systems could substantially affect the accumulation and distribution of agricultural plastic debris. Continuous plastic mulching could accumulate higher amount of MaPs than intermittent plastic mulching. High-intensity machine tillage could lead to higher fragmentation of MaPs and more severe MiPs pollution. These results suggest that agricultural plastic regulations are needed.Keywords:
Plastic film
Paddy field
Conventional tillage
The effects of different plastic film mulching periods and coverage rates on soil moisture,temperature,seedlings emergence rates were studied in a maize dryland in Fuxin Country,Liaoning Province.The results showed that plastic film mulching obviously increased soil temperature at 0-15 cm depth in spring and in autumn.With increase in plastic film coverage rates,the heating effect was more obvious.However,there was no difference between the spring and autumn.Plastic film mulching could improve the soil moisture during both the spring and autumn,especially in top-soils.The effect during the autumn was better than that during the spring.Compared with control,plastic film mulching in autumn and spring with different plastic film coverage rates could increase seedling emergence rates of dryland maize.The treatment of plastic film mulching in autumn was preferred to the treatment of plastic film mulching in spring in the results of seedling emergence rates of maize.The higher the plastic film coverage rates,the better the seedling emergence rates of maize when plastic film was mulched in the same period,but the difference was relatively minor.The treatment of plastic film mulching in autumn with full plastic film coverage was the best one,in which the emergence rate was 23.44% higher than that of the control.
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As a new cultivation technique,plastic film mulching has been increasingly used in sweet potato cultivation.Expert studies have shown that plastic film mulching significantly increased sweet potato yield by improving soil environment conditions.However,few studies have related sweet potato root formation at early growth stage to storage root thickening at late growth stage under different plastic film mulching conditions.Thus this study used the ‘Jixu23' sweet potato starch cultivar as the test material in three mulching treatments to study the effects of plastic film mulching on soil moisture and temperature and on the formation of tuber roots and yield of sweet potato.The three mulching treatments were no plastic film mulching(CK),transparent plastic film mulching(TF) and black plastic film mulching(BF).The results showed that at the early root differentiation stage of sweet potato(0-20 days after planting),plastic film mulching obviously increased soil temperature by 1.0-6.5 ℃ in the 0-20 cm arable soil layer.The transparent plastic film mulching treatment was 0.6-3.5 ℃ higher than the black plastic film mulching treatment.Meanwhile,plastic film mulching improved relative soil moisture content in 0-20 cm soil layer by 9.97%-18.1%.Also relative soil moisture under the black plastic film mulching treatment was higher than that under the transparent plastic film mulching treatment by 1.2%-5.1%.Despite the differences in the two forms of plastic film mulching,both increased root absorption area and root activity after 10 days of planting.Root activity under black plastic film mulching declined significantly(P 0.05) after 20 days of planting.After 20 days of planting,plastic film mulching treatments improved the photosynthetic rate of sweet potato.Plastic film mulching increased zeatin riboside(ZR) content in differentiation roots at 20-40 days after planting,black plastic film mulching showed more significant effects(P 0.05) than transparent plastic film mulching at 20-30 days after planting.Plastic film mulching also improved abscises acid(ABA) content in differentiation roots at 40 days after planting.ABA content was significantly(P 0.05) higher under black plastic film mulching than under transparent plastic film mulching.At tuber root enlargement stage,plastic film mulching significantly improved initial and mean accumulation rates of dry matter in tuber roots.It also increased the number of storage roots,fresh root weight per plant and harvest yield.Under treatments of transparent film and black plastic film mulching,yield of storage roots of sweet potato increased by 10.38% and 15.91%,respectively.From the above,it was noted that plastic film mulching improved soil temperature and moisture,altered the contents of ZR and ABA to promote root differentiation during the prophase period of sweet potato growth and further promoted the swell of tuber roots during prophase growth.As a result of the above,dry matter distribution occurred earlier and more was allocated to tuber roots.Finally,plastic film mulching increased the yield of sweet potato and black plastic film mulching was better than transparent plastic film mulching.
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Various researches have been conducted to study the effect of water control and plastic-film mulch on growth in spring wheat populations. Field experiments were conducted at the experimental station of Lanzhou University, Gansu province, the People's Republic of China. A 0.007 mm thick, clear, high density plastic film was placed over the soil surface before planting for plastic-film mulch and the experiments were arranged in a randomized complete block design. The results show that the plastic-film mulching was effective in increasing biomass yield of spring wheat and the increase in grain yield in mulched treatments resulted from increased biomass yield. Both plastic-film mulching and irrigation were effective in promoting the occurrence and growth of tillers in spring wheat populations. The plastic-film mulching also resulted an increase in the number and weight of sterile tillers.
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[Objective]The research aimed to study fertilizer effect of spring oilseed rape under different fertilizer amount by mulching plastic film.[Method]By using mulching plastic film,a small plot experimentation of spring oilseed rape was carried on in the eastern agricultural area of Qinghai Province.[Result]The results showed that the yield of each treatment by mulching plastic film has a markedly improvement than CK without mulching plastic film,and has a significant differences with CK.[Conclusion]Planting pattern by mulching plastic film could optimize yield characters of spring oilseed rape,eventually raise the yield level at large amplitude,so it is a cultivation measure that should be vigorously promoted.
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A comparative experiment was carried out in dry land to reveal the difference of potato planted under plastic mulching and to the side of plastic mulching and to understand the potential value to the potato production in the mid-west Inner Mongolia.Emergence,flower budding,and flowering were advanced by 3 d,3 d and 2 d,respectively,when the potato was planted to the side of plastic mulching as compared with under plastic mulching.Large sized tuber number and weight,and marketable tuber percentage were also increased by 36.4%,14.6% and 22.9%,respectively.The income by planting potato to the side of plastic mulching was 699.3 Yuan based on 667m2 of land as compared with 678.4 Yuan when potato was planted under plastic mulching,so 20.9 Yuan of increase in economic return was obtained by potato farmer.All these data suggest that planting potato to the side of plastic mulching be extended in mid-went Inner Mongolia.
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To improve the light rain availability and soil ventilation in semi-arid area, this paper studied the effectiveness of perforated plastic film mulching on maize field. The results showed that perforated plastic film mulching had the benefits of receiving rainfall and supplementing soil moisture. Soil CO2 content increased with increasing area of mulching, and was lower under perforated plastic film mulching than under common plastic film mulching. A negative correlation was observed between maize root vitality and soil CO2 content. The maize yield under perforated film mulching was 8.98% higher than that under common film mulching.
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Plastic-film mulching is an effective yield-increasing technique in arid areas.Previous studies on film mulching have reported constant improvements in the techniques and understanding of the use of plastic-films in production systems.Different film mulching modes have different maize yield-increase effects in different areas.Field experiments were therefore conducted to deter-mine the best plastic-film mulching technique in maize production for all regions.The effects of four plastic-film mulching tech-niques-full plastic-film mulching on double ridges and planting in catchment furrows(FF),half plastic-film mulching on double ridges and planting in catchment furrows(HF),flat planting with half plastic-film mulching(FN),and plastic-film mulching on ridge and planting in side film mulch(FS)-on leaf area,photosynthetic potential,dry matter accumulation,ear characteristics,grain yield and water use efficiency were compared with flat planting of zero-film mulching(CK).Cost-benefit analysis was also per-formed in the study.Results indicated that leaf area under FF and HF treatments significantly increased at the developmental stages but changed little under FN and FS treatments compared with CK.Photosynthetic potential also significantly increased at all stages of development under FF,HF and FS treatments.However,it was positively affected at the initial stages of growth and negatively affected at the later stages of growth under FN,FF and HF treatments.Maize ear length,diameter,row number and row grain number increased and as well lengthened ear barren tip.Although FN somewhat accelerated the increasing processes of ear length,diameter and row number and retarded that of ear barren tip,it had no obvious effect on row grain number.To some extent,FS improved ear length,row number and row grain number.However its effect on ear diameter and length of barren tip was not remarkable.All plas-tic-film mulching techniques increased ear grain number and 100-grain weight,but decreased ear number per plant.The highest grey correlation was noted between grain number per ear and grain yield,followed by 100-grain weight,and then by the number of ear per plant.Yield of FF,HF,FS and FN increased by 67.23%,60.08%,38.81% and 20.02%,respectively,compared with CK.Also water use efficiency of FF,HF,FS and FN increased by 66.43%,59.54%,38.35% and 19.63%,respectively,compared with CK.Economic benefit of FF,HF,FS and FN respectively increased by 85.51%,69.58%,36.37% and 18.69% over CK.The above findings sug-gested that FF treatment had the higher yield and economic advantage in the study area.
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The winter wheat dual-mulching experiments were carried out with plastic film mulching on ridges and other different mulching materials in furrows in Weibei dryland from September 2007 to June 2009.The results showed that: The treatment of plastic film and straw dual-mulching can increase wheat yield significantly,the highest rate of increase is 39.62%(P0.05) compared with the CK(no covering on ridges or in furrows),and the two-year average yield of wheat in the treatment of dual-mulching with plastic film and black liquid film increased by 32.16%,and the treatment of only plastic film mulching on ridges increased by 29.99%.The treatment of dual-mulching with plastic film and straw has obvious effect of preserving soil moisture within 0～40 cm soil depth,which can effectively improve soil moisture content.The soil moisture content of 0～40 cm soil depth increased by 15.81% in heading stage.The treatment of dual-mulching with plastic film and black liquid film has a good water-retention effect in the early growth period of wheat,which increased the water content by 11.01% within 0～40 cm soil depth at jointing stage of winter wheat.The water use efficiency in the treatments of dual-mulching with plastic film and straw,and dual-mulching with plastic film and black liquid film were increased by 31.11%(P0.05) and 26.20%(P0.05) respectively compared with the CK.
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3different plastic film mulching methods,including Whole Plastic-Film Mulching,Plastic film with 40 cm wide and No Plastic-Film Mulching,are used in this research to study the impact of plastic film mulching on soil water-retention,seed germination,yield,and sugar content of sugarcane.The results show that the soil moisture content of 20 cm of Whole Plastic-Film Mulching is significantly higher than that of Plastic film with 40 cm wide at the harvest time;seed germination,seedling height,and yield of 3treatment is significantly different and follow a descending order of Whole Plastic-Film Mulching,Plastic film with 40 cm wide and No Plastic-Film Mulching.The sugar content of 3treatments has no significantly different.
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In order to investigate the effects of plastic mulch on topsoil temperature and emergence of sugarcane different covering plastic films including light degradation film mulching 1 and 2(GJ1 and GJ2), general film mulching(DM) and no film mulching(CK) were compared. Results showed that plastic film mulching significantly increased soil temperature and moisture compared with the control, DM GJ1 GJ2 CK. Seedling emergence of covering plastic film treatments were significantly high than that of the CK, emergence of GJ1 was the highest,and but there was no significant difference between GJ1 and DM.
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