MANUFACTURING OF ENERGY EFFICIENT SOLAR PANELS
Андрей Дмитриевич БухтеевВиктория Буянтуевна БальжиеваАнна Романовна ТарасоваФидан ГасановаСветлана Викторовна Агасиева
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В данном обзоре приведены проблемы при использовании солнечных элементов и существующие решения этих проблем по повышению энергоэффективности фотоэлементов. Также сравнивается КПД этих солнечных элементов и рассматриваются их особенности. Одним из самых эффективных способов стало применение нанотехнологий. This review presents the problems of using solar cells and existing solutions to these problems to improve the energy efficiency of solar cells. The efficiency of these solar cells is also compared and their features are considered. One of the most effective methods was the use of nanotechnology.Chemical energy
Endothermic process
Energy transformation
Thermal energy
Thermochemical cycle
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Solar Power
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Purpose The purpose of this study is to examine at energy efficiency practices within the facilities management sector and barriers to adopting energy efficient strategies, it further explored the factors that promote the employment of energy efficient practices. Design/methodology/approach The data were gathered by means of an electronic survey, administered to facilities managers in Johannesburg. Findings Energy efficient lighting is the most used energy efficiency practice. It further uncovered that occupant engagement and education is considered least, amongst current energy efficiency practices. This study revealed that the biggest barrier to the implementation of energy efficient facilities management practices was the cost implications of adopting FM strategies and rated the lowest were policies and regulations of energy efficiency standards. Cost reduction was the highest rated factor that promotes energy efficiency practices. Practical implications Occupants should be educated on energy efficiency through a change of their behaviours and also exposed to the benefits of using energy conservation measures. Management buy-in should be the goal of the facilities manager for the success of energy efficient practices. Originality/value This study is an encompassing study on energy efficiency where many aspects of energy efficiency and factors that promote energy efficiency were explored.
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Best practice
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USable
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Electric potential energy
Photon Upconversion
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Electrical efficiency
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Case study of Korea, Low carbon energy efficiency labeling schemes (Energy Efficiency Label and Standard Program, High efficiency Appliance Certification Program, e-Standby Program) play a key role in carrying out the energy efficiency improvement policy in the appliances and equipment sector in Korea. Korea operates these Programs in an effort to improve energy efficiency in appliances and equipments. Mandatory energy efficiency standard which bans production and sales of low energy efficiency products which fall below the minimum energy performance standard. Ministry of Knowledge of Economy (MKE) and Korea Energy Management Corporation (KEMCO) is the key organizations in implementing energy efficiency standards and labeling. National energy efficiency efforts can be realized through energy efficiency improvements with the successful implementation of an energy efficient appliances dissemination policy and the phase out of low efficiency appliances. Through the implementation of the Energy Efficiency Label and Standard Program (1992), High-efficiency Appliance Certification Program (1996) and e-Standby Program (1999), significant energy efficiency improvements have been achieved, and 1.37 billion USD worth of energy savings.
Energy accounting
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Drying is a complex process involving simultaneous heat and mass exchanges, and it is considered one of the oldest unit operations performed for preserving agricultural products. This process requires a significant amount of energy, and researchers have conducted different studies to improve energy efficiency, reduce drying time and preserve product quality. Dryers based on solar energy have gained more space, as this energy source is free and abundant. Thermal energy storage techniques can increase the reliability of solar energy for drying. These techniques allow the stored energy to be used in periods of no solar incidence. The complex processes involving each element of the solar drying process have made experiments quite expensive. Several studies have bet on the use of advanced techniques of computer simulation to minimize this problem. Studies have shown the effectiveness of using these techniques for different solar dryers, achieving satisfactory results. Therefore, this study aims to provide parameters, address different types of dryers, and emphasize the importance and methods of thermal energy storage. In addition, this study also addresses the use of computational numerical modeling to verify the phenomena of heat and mass transfer in drying systems and thermal energy storage.
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Energy Efficiency Directive 2012/27/EU provides for an EU-wide energy efficiency target with non-binding minimum energy efficiency contributions for Member States. Next to the Energy Efficiency Directive, the EU has set specific energy efficiency standards for certain products and goods, such as buildings, electrical appliances and tyres. These EU acts envisage market-based mechanisms to ensure cost-effective implementation and contain a methodology for determining cost-effective investments in energy efficiency. They shape solidarity by taking into account the higher costs of increasing energy efficiency for those Member States where the level of energy efficiency is already relatively high. Concrete measures mostly focus on the energy efficiency of buildings, since these account for a large percentage of energy use. The effectiveness of the energy efficiency measures can be doubted, for instance due to the non-binding nature of the national energy efficiency contributions and the EU's poor track record for increasing energy efficiency.
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Foreword.- Introduction.- Energy Efficiency Becomes First Fuel.- Energy Efficiency Becomes First Tool for Climate Change Mitigation.- Market Barriers to Energy Efficiency.- Overall Methodology in This Study.- Energy Efficiency Policies.- Energy Efficiency Cost-Effectiveness Test.- Energy Efficiency Project Finance.- Energy Service Company Development.- Energy Efficient Technologies.- Energy Efficient Urban Transport.- Case Studies.- Conclusions.
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Energy risk has reappeared on the corporate and social agenda with a bang and the complexity of the issues has increased many-fold since the days of the last great wave of concern following the oil crises of the 1970s. Steven Fawkes’ Energy Efficiency is a comprehensive guide for managers and policy-makers to the fundamental questions underpinning energy-efficiency and our responses to it: ¢ what do we really mean by energy efficiency? ¢ what is the potential (in different dimensions)? ¢ why it is important? ¢ what management processes lead to optimisation of energy efficiency? ¢ what technologies are useful for improving energy efficiency? ¢ what policies can be used to promote energy efficiency? ¢ how can energy efficiency be financed? ¢ how can energy suppliers engage with energy efficiency? The result is the most comprehensive review to-date of the barriers and opportunities associated with improving energy efficiency. Clearly written and erudite, Steven Fawkes addresses every aspect of energy efficiency, including the huge and vitally important untapped potential offered by effective energy management and the application of existing technology. He also identifies barriers, such as the rebound effect and how they can be mitigated and he provides a comprehensive review of innovative energy efficiency financing options. This book is a ’must read’ for anyone with an interest in energy supply and demand reduction.
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