Contamination reduction of real olive oil mill wastewater using innovative acid and basic chemical precipitation processes
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Paper mill
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This paper deals with the analysis of different water parameters of River Panv Dhoi which flows through Saharanpur district. It is a streamfed river and a tributary of Hindon.The sample collection was usually completed during morning hrs. between 8:00 AM to 10:00 AM. The parameters like Temperature, Turbidity, Conductivity, Total Solids (TS), Total Suspended Solids (TSS), Total Dis• solved Solids (TDS), pH, Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Free Carbon dioxide (CO,), Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Alkalinity, Total Hardness, Chloride (CI) and heavy metals like Lead, Zinc, Mercury and copper were analyzed.
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A study was carried out to analyse the effect of brewery effluent from Nigerian brewery Enugu on Ajali River in Eke, Udi Local Government Area, Enugu State. Brewery effluent and water samples from Ajali River were collected with sterile bottles between the month of May and June, 2013. The samples were analyzed for physicochemical properties with standard laboratory techniques. Results obtained in the study revealed that the brewery effluent had the following values: pH (7.71 ± 0.15 pH), temperature (29.50 ± 0.500 C), conductivity (489.00 ± 172.00 us/cm), total suspended solids (26.75 ± 0.25 mg/l), total dissolved solids (2.55 ± 0.47 mg/l), total solid (29.31 ± 0.51), biological oxygen demand (1.95 ± 0.100 mg/l), chemical oxygen demand (49.97 ± 6.00 mg/l), dissolved oxygen (3.00 ± 0.15) mg/l) and turbidity (388.00 ± 117.00 NTU). Ajali River had the following values: pH (7.69 ± 0.00 pH), temperature (26.00 ± 0.000 C), conductivity (280.00 ± 22.00 us/cm), total suspended solids (47.01 ± 0.99 mg/l), total dissolved solids (1.86 ± 0.24 mg/l), total solid (48.87 ± 0.11), biological oxygen demand (1.52 ± 0.12 mg/l), chemical oxygen demand (10.94 ± 2.97 mg/l), dissolved oxygen (4.37 ± 0.17 mg/l) and turbidity (278.00 ± 33.00 NTU). Objectionable water odour was recorded for both brewery effluent and Ajali River. The turbidity, total suspended solids and dissolved oxygen of both brewery effluent and Ajali River were far above the national and international permissible standard limits for effluents and surface waters. The reasons for these variations and their effect on the Ajali River were discussed. Keywords : Physico-chemicals characteristics, Ama brewery effluent, Ajali River, Permissible limits
Turbidity
Total suspended solids
Total dissolved solids
Biochemical oxygen demand
Volatile suspended solids
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Turbidity
Total suspended solids
Biochemical oxygen demand
Total dissolved solids
Volatile suspended solids
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In this study, the physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of raw wastewater were compared with the liquid and solid streams generated by a primary clarifier (PC), a rotating belt filter (RBF, 350 μm), and a drum filter (DF, 60 μm) and series (SER) combination of an RBF with a PC or a DF using pilot-scale primary treatment units. The RBF removed about 36% of the influent total suspended solids. The DF and PC yielded an influent total suspended solid removal of 47% to 55% in both individual (parallel) and SER configurations. The size fractionation and chemical characterizations of the liquid fractions indicated a significant change in the wastewater composition in both filter configurations with no variation in the biodegradability of liquid fractions. The solids recovered by RBF had a higher total solids (TS) concentration and a higher volatile solids (VS) content (0.92 g VS/g TS) than that of DF and PC treatments (0.58 to 0.84 g VS/g TS). DF and PC sludge demonstrated a higher biodegradability rate (k1 ; 0.11 d-1 < k1 < 0.20 d-1 ) than solids recovered by RBF (0.09 d-1 ). The retained solids in the SER configuration demonstrated a significantly lower theoretical biochemical methane potential than the parallel configuration, likely due to the presence of smaller particles with a significantly higher ratio of particulate chemical oxygen demand over volatile suspended solids (1.86 to 2.40 g chemical oxygen demand/g volatile suspended solids). These results indicated that the physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of liquid and solids from different filter configurations are required to determine design criteria to upgrade or retrofit water resource recovery facilities using an RBF or a DF. PRACTITIONER POINTS: A rotating belt filter (RBF) removed less solids than a drum filter (DF) or a primary clarifier (PC). A series configuration of an RBF with either a DF or PC resulted in an effluent with a lower proportion of slowly biodegradable organic matter than in a parallel configuration. Solids from an RBF, a DF, or a PC had similar theoretical biochemical methane potential.
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Characterisation and treatment of the black liquor coming from Chemi-thermo-mechanical pulping (CTMP) of wheat straw was evaluated in this research. Toxicity of the liquor was evaluated and it was found high in Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) 0.45%, Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) 1.85%, dissolved solids 1.04%, suspended solids 0.33%, total sulphur contents 2.42% and silica contents 0.45%. Activated sludge and chemical treatments were employed to make it environment-friendly. Activated sludge removed 63% total solids, suspended solids 90%, BOD 67% and COD up to 60%. Chemical treatment of this liquor involved use of anionic and cationic polymers together with alum to remove soluble COD and suspended solids from the liquor. Effluent thrown out after combined treatment was below 200 ppm in total solids, 300 FAU in turbidity, 700 ppm in BOD and 800 ppm in COD.
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Total Suspended Solids (TSS), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), and Turbidity are all measures of water clarity. TSS is a measure of the concentration of solids (mg/L) with particle size greater than 1-1.2 microns. Particles smaller than that are considered dissolved solids and are quantified as TDS in mg/L. A Turbidity measurement is another way to quantify the solid load of water and is measured in nephelometric turbidity units (NTU); examples of solutions with different turbidity measures are shown in Figure 1. Vegetable washwaters often contain high TSS and have high turbidity. The main component of the solid load is the soil that is washed from the vegetables. Suspended solids are considered problematic in wastewater because they reduce water clarity, clog plumbing and irrigation lines, interfere with disinfection technologies, and add sediment to aquatic systems (CCME 2006; MOECC 2003). The solids can also contain other unwanted Figure 1: Examples of solutions with varying turbidity, from left to right: 10 NTU, 20 NTU, 100 NTU, and 800 NTU (photo credit: HMGA)
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Among the total of 16 evaluated parameters temperature, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolve solids (TDS), dissolve oxygen (DO), biological oxygen demand (BOD5), chemical oxygen demand (COD), depth, salinity, ammonal nitrogen (AN) and total suspended solids (TSS) had significant special variability (p < 0.05). According to the national standard; TSS, TDS, sulphate and nitrate were categorized as class I. Temperature, DO, BOD5, pH, COD and turbidity were categorized as class II. Among the nutrients AN was categorized as class III. The experimental results revealed that the condition of station T3 was the worst among stations following T2 and L7. The lake water quality was classified as class II based on Water quality index (WQI), Malaysia, suggesting that, it was quite suitable for body contact and recreational purpose. This study finds prominent spatial water quality variation. The more affected water quality parameters were AN, DO, SO4 and COD.
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The water quality of GudBahri River, an important domestic and potable water source of Wukro, has been assessed. Water samples were collected from the river along different points and analyzed for various physio-chemical quality parameters during winter. Effects of industrial wastes, municipality sewage and agricultural runoff on the river water were investigated. The study was conducted between the Kaziha and Shigar-arho including Adi-akawn. The study involved determination of physical and chemical parameters of surface water at twelve different points. The mean values of Water Temperature, Total Suspended Solids (TSS), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Total Solids (TS), Turbidity, Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Bio-chemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), pH, Electric Conductivity (EC), Salinity and Chloride content were 26.03
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A study was undertaken to assess the characteristics, like physical and chemical analysis, of the wastewater of Kalaburagi City. The characteristics are analysis of total solids, suspended solids, dissolved solids, dissolved oxygen, biological oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, phosphates, and nitrates. The present study shows that domestic wastewater is organic in nature, having average values of BOD of 380 mg/l, COD of 510 mg/l, total solids of 3200 mg/l, dissolved solids of 2000 mg/l, chloride of 220 mg/l, and suspended solids of 1200 mg/l.
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