15 N tracer-based analysis of fertiliser nitrogen accumulation, utilisation and distribution in processing tomato at different growth stages
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The unnecessary application of nitrogen could negatively impact both the yield and quality of crops, and could also lead to nitrate leaching and soil pollution. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of the optimized nitrogen application on 15N accumulation, utilization and distribution of processing tomato in China. Through field experiments with 15N and consisted two treatments: optimized nitrogen application (NY) and no nitrogen application (N0). The results showed that the absorption efficiency of applied fertilizer nitrogen was 46%. In processing tomato plants, 128.9 kg ha−1 of nitrogen came from applied fertilizer, while the remainder of the nitrogen (177.6 kg ha−1) came from the soil. The processing tomato fully absorbed the soil nitrogen, which reduced the nitrogen loss rate and resulted in higher production of dry matter. In the harvest stage. The residual percentage in soil of applied fertilizer nitrogen was 34%, which was mainly distributed in the 0-40 cm soil layer. This reduced the leaching of nitrogen and was conducive to the reuse of crops in the next year. This study provides a reference for the development of precise nitrogen management techniques using drip irrigation methods in arid areas..Keywords:
Nitrogen deficiency
Use 'Zhengdan 958' as the material,explore different nitrogen application to the next 0～60 cm of soil nitrate during the spring maize content changes,the results show that :0～40 cm soil layer,the layer of soil nitrogen increased the nitrate content of,and influenced by nitrogen;20～40 cm soil layer,and non-nitrogen than the nitrogen affects the growth period of corn late in the layer of soil nitrate content is higher than in the August 18 deal with non-nitrogen;40～60 cm layer of soil nitrate content prior to July 20 there is no significant effect by the nitrogen in the silking stage after the impact of nitrogen by the large nitrate nitrogen affected the grain filling stage of content.
Nitrogen deficiency
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In order to elucidate the biological reaction of different nitrogen efficiency on soil nitrogen and fertilizer nitrogen in wheat varieties, nitrogen efficiency, nitrogen uptake and nitrogen distribution, dry matter production characteristic were tested in major wheat varieties planted in the northern area of Hubei by the pot experimental method under deficiency-nitrogen and proficient nitrogen conditions. The results indicated that when the seed yield of wheat was as the evaluation index of nitrogen effect in nitrogen deficiency condition, varieties with high nitrogen effect were Emai 23 and Emai 14 among experimental wheat varieties; when the ratio between subtraction value of two wheat seed-yields under proficient-nitrogen and deficiency-nitrogen and fertilization with nitrogen amount was as evaluation index of nitrogen response rate, varieties with high nitrogen response were Zhengmai 9023, Yumai 49 and Emai 18. The varieties with high nitrogen effect and with high nitrogen response rate were not always the same. Therefore, the ability with better nitrogen uptake to soil nitrogen was the biological basis of varieties with high nitrogen effect in nitrogen deficiency condition. The seed-yield, plant nitrogen uptake and characteristic of dry matter production of experimental varieties with high nitrogen response rate, were different between proficiency nitrogen condition and deficiency-nitrogen condition.
Nitrogen deficiency
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To explore guidelines for nitrogen fertilization,nitrogen deficiency degree should be measured and estimated sensitively.Changes of leaf photosynthesis activity and physiological indices of maize were analyzed in this study.The results show that contents of soluble protein and pigments of maize leaves are decreased obviously along with the decrease of nitrogen concentration in the culture solution,and as well as photosynthesis activity of maize leaves and whole plant fresh weight,While the ratios of root to shoot are increased.These results indicate that there are significant effects on maize growth and activity of maize leaves under nitrogen-deficiency.Results of chlorophyll fluorescence study show that Fv/Fm,Fm/Fo,Sm,ETo/CSo,RC/CSo of maize leaves under the nitrogendeficiency treatments are significantly lower than control leaves,in which Sm is the most sensitive index.While there are not significant differences of ABS/CSo,TRo/CSo and DIo/CSo under nitrogen-deficiency treatments.The correlation of Sm and nitrogen relative concentration in the cultivated solution is similar to the kinetics of enzyme-catalyzed reactions.These results suggest that the chlorophyll fluorescence measurements can detect changes of photoshythesis activity of nitrogen-deficiency maize leaves,and can be used to estimate the degree of nitrogen deficiency.
Nitrogen deficiency
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The results of located consecutive nitrogen application and nitrogen application at one year after soil nitrogen exhaustion were compared in the Taihu Lake Region, China where nitrogen fertilizer was excessly applied in rice-wheat cropping system. The effects of different nitrogen application rates on rice yield, dry matter accumulation, nitrogen uptake, nitrogen use efficiency and soil nitrogen content were studied. The rice yield decreased significantly after three cropping seasons without nitrogen application, with the rice yield of the third season being only 6673.42 kg/hm2. When nitrogen application rate rose, the rice yield increased significantly both in the treatments of located nitrogen application and nitrogen application after exhaustion, but the extent of increase of production reduced with increasing nitrogen application rate. At the nitrogen application rate of 300 kg/hm2, the treatments of located nitrogen application and nitrogen application after exhaustion produced the highest rice yields, 10 514.95 kg/hm2 and 10 472.36 kg/hm2 , respectively. Rice plants lodged and yield decreased when the nitrogen application rate went even higher than that point. In both treatments of nitrogen application, the dry matter accumulation and nitrogen uptake of rice plants, as well as the soil total nitrogen content all increased, whereas the nitrogen use efficiency decreased with the increase of nitrogen application rate. There were no significant differences between the production indexes from the treatments of located nitrogen application and nitrogen application after exhaustion, indicating that these indexes were related to the seasonal nitrogen application rather than the background nitrogen level in the soil after one year of exhaustion.
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Grateloupia turuturu is a potential aquaculture species as it has a significant number of high-valued compounds. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the physiobiochemical performances of G. turuturu under nitrogen deficiency and resupply. In this study, G. turuturu was exposed to different lengths of nitrogen starvation (from 0 to 28 days) and subsequently subjected to a 21-day nitrogen-recovery period. The nitrate and ammonium uptake rates, growth rates, and nitrogenous compounds of G. turuturu were periodically measured. The results showed that the nitrogen-starved G. turururu absorbed ammonium much faster than nitrate after nitrogen recovery. Furthermore, an overcompensatory uptake of ammonium was induced via nitrogen deficiency in a short phase after nitrogen resupply. The time and rates of depletion of different compositions varied during nitrogen starvation. Specifically, pigment contents decreased faster than protein and total nitrogen contents, and the reduction rate of protein was the lowest. After nitrogen resupply, though G. turuturu gradually recovered, growth rates and pigments from long-term nitrogen starvations could not recover enough to reach their original values. Our study reveals the physiological changing processes of G. turuturu during nitrogen starvation and recovery and provides baseline information aiding in the development of strategies for G. turuturu cultivation.
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[Objective]The paper was to study the effect of different nitrogen application levels and modes on contents of different forms of nitrogen in rice plants.[Method] Using Guichao 2 and Diejiazhan as test materials,with total nitrogen,protein nitrogen,chlorophyll nitrogen,soluble protein nitrogen,Rubisco nitrogen,free amino acid nitrogen as indicators,the effect of nitrogen application on contents of different forms of nitrogen in rice plants were studied.[Result] The contents of total nitrogen,protein nitrogen,chlorophyll nitrogen,soluble protein nitrogen,Rubisco-N,free amino nitrogen of rice plant during heading and maturity stage increased with the increasing application amount of nitrogen,and their contents would be high under heavy application of spike fertilizer when the application amount of nitrogen was the same.However,application of nitrogen had different impact on different forms of nitrogen,which showed obvious impact on the contents of Rubisco-N and free amino nitrogen.The differences of Rubisco-N and free amino nitrogen content of two varieties during heading and maturity stage under different nitrogen application modes all reached significant or extremely significant level.Correlation analysis showed that total nitrogen content of rice plant had extremely significant correlation with protein nitrogen content during heading and maturity stage in both early and late seasons.[Conclusion] The study provided a theoretical basis for clarifying the regulatory role of nitrogen application on nitrogen absorption and utilization.
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The effect of nitrogen supply on absorbing nitrogen feature and yield of double low oilseed rape was studied by using of pot experiment.Results indicated that,for supplying nitrogen oilseed rapes,their nitrogen accumulation amounts quickly increased from seedling to later stage of stem enlongation,while declined from later stage of stem enlongation to later flowing stage,increased after flowing stage,which does not still exceeded nitrogen accumulation amounts of later stage of stem enlongation.The same change tendency was found in treatments without nitrogen supply,however,the change intensity was obviously less than those of supplying nitrogen treatments,and nitrogen accumulation amount at later flowing stage exceeded that of later stem enlongation stage.Whether supplying nitrogen or not,nitrogen amounts of nutritive organs continuously decreased with plant growing,reproductive organ nitrogen amounts of plant with supplying nitrogen also continuously decreased,nitrogen amounts of that without supplying nitrogen was shaped in a single peak curve.The time of dry matter accumulation maximum rate of oilseed rape without supplying nitrogen appeared earlier than that with supplying nitrogen,while nitrogen physiological efficiency of oilseed rape with nitrogen supplying was highest at siliquing period,that without nitrogen supplying at later period of flowing.For this reason,nitrogen supplying could obviously increased plant nitrogen accumulation amount,nitrogen content of plant,biomass and seed yield,but decreased nitrogen physiological efficiency.
Nitrogen deficiency
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Effects of nitrogen application period on nitrogen accumulation,translocation and nitrogen use efficiency were studied.The main results as following: compared with CK,nitrogen application increased NHI and amounts of nitrogen accumulation in plants and grain.The amounts of nitrogen accumulation in ear increased quickly after silking,nitrogen translocation of stem and sheath happened mostly in early filling stage,nitrogen translocation of leaf happened mostly in middle and later filling stage.Nitrogen application made nitrogen physiological efficiency declined 16%,nitrogen fertilizer efficiency was no obvious difference among three treatments.The 60%-70% in total nitrogen accumulation amounts of plants was accumulated from silking to maturing stage,the nitrogen accumulation amounts and nitrogen use efficiency of T4 were highest,compared with T2 and T3,the NUE of T4 heightened 21.8 and 22.8 percent points.
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The influences of Start fertilizer types and irrigation on nutrient leaching、pH and EC of growing media were studies.It was shown that top irrigation wouldled to nutrient leaching when normal chemical fertilizer was employed.No matter which kinds of fertilizer employed,bottom irrigation resulted in higher pH and EC relative to those when water was irrigated from top.bottom Irrigation accelerated salt accumulation when normal chemical fertilizer was used.
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