Occurrence, distribution, and bioaccumulation of new and legacy persistent organic pollutants in an ecosystem on King George Island, maritime Antarctica
Jun-Tae KimYun‐Jeong ChoiMandana BarghiJeong‐Hoon KimJin-Woo JungKitae KimJung‐Ho KangGerhard LammelYoon‐Seok Chang
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The study on risk assessment and effective pollution control is ecologically important to understand the bioaccumulation and biomagnification of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in both aquatic and terrestrial food chains. This paper reviews the characters of POPs, the mechanism, impact factors and models of bioaccumulation and biomagnification of POPs in the food chain. Many researchers in foreign countries studied the bioaccumulation and biomagnification of POPs in aquatic food chain. However, only a few researchers focused their studies on terrestrial food chain, and even fewer researchers did on the both food chains. However, there is little information on the bioaccumulation and biomagnification of POPs in food chain in China. Therefore, it is necessary to study the bioaccumulation and biomagnification, as well as the related treatment models of POPs in food chain when the POPs are now becoming more and more harmful to the environment and human health.
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Substances that accumulate to hazardous levels in living organisms pose environmental and human-health risks, which governments seek to reduce or eliminate. Regulatory authorities identify bioaccumulative substances as hydrophobic, fat-soluble chemicals having high octanol-water partition coefficients (K(OW))(>/=100,000). Here we show that poorly metabolizable, moderately hydrophobic substances with a K(OW) between 100 and 100,000, which do not biomagnify (that is, increase in chemical concentration in organisms with increasing trophic level) in aquatic food webs, can biomagnify to a high degree in food webs containing air-breathing animals (including humans) because of their high octanol-air partition coefficient (K(OA)) and corresponding low rate of respiratory elimination to air. These low K(OW)-high K(OA) chemicals, representing a third of organic chemicals in commercial use, constitute an unidentified class of potentially bioaccumulative substances that require regulatory assessment to prevent possible ecosystem and human-health consequences.
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Abstract K OW based QSARs are used to assess the bioaccumulation potential of thousands of commercial chemicals in Canada and internationally. The QSARs, which are based on information from aquatic organisms, identify chemicals with a log K OW >5 to have a potential to biomagnify in food‐chains. This study investigates whether K OW based QSARs are also effective in identifying biomagnifying chemicals in terrestrial food‐chains. First, a terrestrial bioaccumulation model is developed and used to hypothesize the general relationship between the chemical's octanol‐air and octanol‐water partition and its biomagnification potential. Secondly, field observations of the bioaccumulation of persistent organic pollutants in wolves are used to test the hypothesis and explore the fundamental differences between QSARs for bioaccumulation in aquatic and terrestrial food‐chains. The results indicate that (i) QSARs for bioaccumulation in terrestrial food‐chains should include both octanol‐air (K OA ) and octanol water partition coefficients (K OW ); (ii) chemicals with a log K OA >approximately 5 can biomagnify in terrestrial food‐chains if log K OW >2 and the rate chemical transformation or metabolism is low; (iii) biomagnification factors in terrestrial food‐chains are much greater than those in aquatic food‐chains; (iv) biomagnification factors of very hydrophobic substances (log K OW >7) in terrestrial biota do not drop off with increasing K OW as has been observed in aquatic biota. The relevance of these findings is that current regulations and protocols may misidentify (i) low K OW but high K OA chemicals as having no bioaccumulation potential and (ii) very hydrophobic (log K OW >8.5) which appear not to biomagnify in aquatic organisms but have the potential to biomagnify in terrestrial food‐chains. Considering that 67.9% of the approximately 12 000 organic chemicals on Canada's Domestic Substances List exhibit high K OA but low K OW , this represents a major gap in our methods for screening bioaccumulative substances.
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What is bioaccumulation and what is biomagnification? Organisms take pollutants up from the environment through their skin, gills, or digestive system. The term bioaccumulation is generally used to describe uptake, but there are specific terms that refer to specific ways they do so. Bioaccumulation...
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Aquatic, amphibious, and terrestrial organisms in or around a pond that was contaminated by e-waste were collected and persistent halogenated organic pollutants (HOPs) for these species were analyzed. Based on the stable isotope and dietary composition, the aquatic and terrestrial food webs and several insect-dominated food chains including insects - toads, insects - lizards, and insects - birds were constructed. Biomagnification factors (BMFs) for insect-dominated food chains and trophic magnification factors (TMFs) in aquatic and terrestrial food webs were calculated. The BMFs of HOPs (except DBDPE) in insect - bird food chains were significantly higher than those in insect - toad and insect - lizard food chains, indicating that HOPs accumulated more easily in homeotherms than in poikilotherms. Trophic magnification was present for most of the PCB congeners in both aquatic and terrestrial food webs. Differences between the trophic transfer of halogenated flame retardant in terrestrial and aquatic food webs were observed, with trophic magnification in the terrestrial food web but trophic dilution in the aquatic food web for most of chemicals (except for lower brominated PBDE congeners). Meanwhile, the contour plots of TMFs across combinations of log KOW and log KOA for terrestrial food web were distinct from those for aquatic food web. These results indicate that the biomagnification mechanisms of HOPs in aquatic food webs are different from those in terrestrial food webs, and further suggest that the bioaccumulation of contaminants in terrestrial ecosystems cannot be directly deduced from aquatic ecosystems.
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