Molecular Basis of Disease Resistance and Perspectives on Breeding Strategies for Resistance Improvement in Crops
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Disease resistant
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This paper analysis the relations between the resistance of the parent and F1,F2.The experimental results indicate that: F1 will be high disease-resistance when Parent is high disease-resistance.The resistance immunity of wheat to stripe rust mainly show dominant effect.The proportion of the immunized plant of descendants in wheat is higher.The number of the immunized plant and high disease-resistance plant in F2 relates to the resistance of the parent.The parent is high disease-resistance,the proportion of the immunized plant and high disease-resistance plant of descendants will higher.
Stripe rust
Rust (programming language)
Plant Immunity
Heredity
Plant disease
High resistance
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Plant breeding helps in recombining and fixation of desirable alleles which enables the development of improved varieties with better productivity. Though classical plant breeding has contributed enormously in achieving genetic gains in different crops including rice, the challenges imposed by resource constraints as well as greater anticipated demand need better tools to meet the expectations. Molecular breeding which uses modern genomic tools integrated with plant breeding offers enormous potential for improvement of crop varieties. The present review focusses on the achievements of ICAR-IARI in molecular breeding in rice wherein as many as eight rice varieties were incorporated with genes governing resistance/tolerance to different traits and released for commercial cultivation in India. The various factors which enabled the successful integration of molecular breeding including development of infrastructure, human resources and the genetic and genomic resources have been discussed in detail. All the examples of translational research are from the marker assisted backcross breeding strategy, which limits the scope for achieving yield gains. In the foregoing discussion, the challenges and the opportunities for implementation of molecular breeding in rice to realize the full potential of these tools in plant breeding are discussed based on the decade long experience, which may be valuable for other crops as well.
Molecular breeding
Plant Breeding
Scope (computer science)
Genetic Resources
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A diverse set of molecular markers techniques have been developed over the last almost 40 years and used with success for breeding a number of major crops. These have been narrowed down to a few preferred DNA based marker types, and emphasis is now on adapting the technologies to a wide range of crop plants and trees. In this Special Issue, the strength of molecular breeding is revealed through research and review papers that use a combination of molecular markers with other classic breeding techniques to obtain quality improvement of the crop. The constant improvement and maintenance of quality by breeding is crucial and challenged by a changing climate and molecular markers can support the direct introgression of traits into elite breeding lines. All the papers in this Special Issue “Molecular genetics, Genomics, and Biotechnology in Crop Plant Breeding” have attracted significant attention, as can be witnessed by the graphs for each paper on the Journal’s homepage. It is the hope that it will encourage others to use these tools in developing an even wider range of crop plants and trees.
Molecular breeding
Plant Breeding
Introgression
Molecular marker
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Plant biotechnology involves breeding to improve plants for various reason such as increasing yield and quality, heat and drought resistance, resistance to phytopathogens, herbicide and insect resistance, increasing biomass for biofuel production, and enhancing the nutritional quality of the crops. This chapter presents a brief history of breeding, disadvantages of conventional breeding while advantages of non-conventional breeding techniques such as molecular marker-assisted breeding techniques and molecular farming. Tissue culture, as a form of large-scale plant micropropagation and its advantages along with the future of breeding program based on high throughput sequencing platform called genomic assisted molecular farming have been also discussed.
Molecular breeding
Plant Breeding
Scope (computer science)
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This paper analyzed and summed up resistance of many of kinds of sugarbeet diseases on molecular breeding level at home and aboard,summarized research progress of increasing disease resistance of sugarbeet on molecular breeding.
Molecular breeding
Disease resistant
Fungal disease
Molecular marker
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This Special Issue on molecular genetics, genomics, and biotechnology in crop plant breeding seeks to encourage the use of the tools currently available. It features nine research papers that address quality traits, grain yield, and mutations by exploring cytoplasmic male sterility, the delicate control of flowering in rice, the removal of anti-nutritional factors, the use and development of new technologies for non-model species marker technology, site-directed mutagenesis and GMO regulation, genomics selection and genome-wide association studies, how to cope with abiotic stress, and an exploration of fruit trees adapted to harsh environments for breeding purposes. A further four papers review the genetics of pre-harvest spouting, readiness for climate-smart crop development, genomic selection in the breeding of cereal crops, and the large numbers of mutants in straw lignin biosynthesis and deposition.
Molecular breeding
Mutation Breeding
Plant Breeding
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Molecular marker is applicable to many aspects of plant improvement and crop production. The main objective of plant breeding to produce crops with improved characteristics with the utilization of the available genetic variability and producing sufficient genetic variability of crops by different breeding techniques. There are possibilities to improve the desired traits through conventional breeding methods in the presence of genetic diversities. However, there are several challenges to make the significant improvement on the crop through conventional breeding. Conventional breeding is almost always based on phenotypic variation of the crops, which is affected by environments (non-heritable components) and crop improvement cycle takes long time. However, molecular marker is designed to meet this challenges regardless of its cost and it’s not affected by environment where ever the experiment is conducted either in laboratory or field condition. Molecular marker procedures are playing a significant role to increase the effectiveness in breeding and shorten the development crop improvement stages. Molecular markers also used develop resistant crop to pests and diseases, develop tolerant crop to environmental conditions and improve the crop in required quality. In facing the challenge of improving several lines for quantitative traits, marker assisted selection strategies use DNA markers in one key selection step to maximize their impact. With the development of molecular marker technology, the fate of plant breeding has changed. Different types of molecular markers have been developed in identification and characterization germplasm, DNA sequences in identification of the genomic regions involved in the expression of the target traits, to analysis the genetic variation, cytogenetic, quantitative genetics, biotechnology and genomics and it’s applied in genetic diversity analysis in crop improvement. It is possible to increase agricultural productivity through addressing the problems of yield reduction and its links with pest management and climate change using advanced breeding technologies. There are several major challenges in the application of molecular markers to agronomically important traits. Some of them are: economic factors, lack of grants to researchers, lack of adequately trained personnel. Generally, the integrating molecular marker technologies with the conventional breeding strategies are increasingly important to realize genetic gains with greater speed and precision. Keywords: Molecular marker; Marker assisted breeding; quantitative traits; Plant breeding DOI: 10.7176/JNSR/11-21-04 Publication date: November 30 th 2020
Germ plasm
Molecular breeding
Identification
Plant Breeding
Molecular marker
Marker-Assisted Selection
Genomic Selection
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Biotechnology can be defined broadly as a set of tools that allows scientists to genetically characterize or improve living organisms. Several emerging technologies, such as molecular characterization and genetic transformation, are already being used extensively for the purpose of plant improvement. Other emerging sciences, including genomics and proteomics, are also starting to impact plant improvement. Tools provided by biotechnology will not replace classical breeding methods, but rather will help provide new discoveries and contribute to improved nutritional value and yield enhancement through greater resistance to disease, herbicides and abiotic factors. In soybeans, biotechnology has and will continue to play a valuable role in public and private soybean breeding programs. Based on the availability and combination of conventional and molecular technologies, a substantial increase in the rate of genetic gain for economically important soybean traits can be predicted in the next decade. In this paper, a short review of technologies for molecular markers analysis in soybean is given as well as achievements in the area of genetic transformation in soybean.
Molecular breeding
Emerging Technologies
Genetically engineered
Plant Breeding
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The biotechnology tool of MAS has irreversibly changed the disciplines of conventional rice breeding. Molecular markers are indispensable tools for measuring the diversity of rice varieties and rice breeding. However, MAS is not always advantageous, so careful analysis of the costs, convenience, ease of assay development and automation are important factors to be considered when choosing a technology relative to the conventional breeding programs. This review focuses on possibilities for the application of marker-assisted selection in the genetic improvement of rice breeding.
Marker-Assisted Selection
Molecular breeding
Plant Breeding
Molecular marker
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