Improving PSI Processing of Mining Induced Large Deformations with External Models
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Ground subsidences, either caused by natural phenomena or human activities, can threaten the safety of nearby infrastructures and residents. Among the different causes, mining operations can trigger strong subsidence phenomena with a fast nonlinear temporal behaviour. Therefore, a reliable and precise deformation monitoring is of great significance for safe mining and protection of facilities located above or near the mined-out area. Persistent Scatterer Interferometry (PSI) is a technique that uses stacks Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images to remotely monitor the ground deformation of large areas with a high degree of precision at a reasonable cost. Unfortunately, PSI presents limitations when monitoring large gradient deformations when there is phase ambiguity among adjacent Persistent Scatterer (PS) points. In this paper, an improvement of PSI processing, named as External Model-based Deformation Decomposition PSI (EMDD-PSI), is proposed to address this limitation by taking advantage of an external model. The proposed method first uses interferograms generated from SAR Single Look Complex (SLC) images to optimize the parameter adjustments of the external model. Then, the modelled spatial distribution of subsidence is utilized to reduce the fringes of the interferograms generated from the SAR images and to ease the PSI processing. Finally, the ground deformation is retrieved by jointly adding the external model and PSI results. In this paper, fourteen Radarsat-2 SAR images over Fengfeng mining area (China) are used to demonstrate the capabilities of the proposed method. The results are evaluated by comparing them with leveling data of the area covering the same temporal period. Results have shown that, after the optimization, the model is able to mimic the real deformation and the fringes of the interferograms can be effectively reduced. As a consequence, the large gradient deformation then can be better retrieved with the preservation of the nonlinear subsidence term. The ground truth shows that, comparing with the classical PSI and PSI with unadjusted parameters, the proposed scheme reduces the error by 35.2% and 20.4%, respectively.Keywords:
Deformation monitoring
Ground subsidence
Now, application of InSAR (interferometric synthetic aperture radar) to deformation monitoring has become a hotspot for monitoring deformation. The basic principles and data processing procedures of InSAR are introduced in this paper, at the same time, main progresses made in InSAR technology and its application to deformation monitoring are summarized. Through actual examples of application and research from home and abroad, the article figures out existing problems and future of application of InSAR.
Deformation monitoring
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Data Processing
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Ground subsidence
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The authors have utilized a set of Seasat synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data that were obtained in nearly repeat ground-track orbits to demonstrate the performance of spaceborne interferometric SAR (INSAR) systems. An assessment of the topography measurement capability is presented. A phase measurement error model is described and compared with the data obtained at various baseline separations and signal-to-noise ratios. Finally, the implications of these results on future spaceborne INSAR design are discussed.< >
Space-based radar
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A case study of INSAR application to monitor the ground subsidence of colliery area in Fengfeng coal mining area, Hebei Province, China is investigated in this paper. Using the data of ENVISAT ASAR and JERS SAR, the interferometric results of this area are derived. At the same time as acquisition of ENVISAT ASAR data, field leveling measurement in this area was carried out, and the historical excavation data were collected as well. A synthetic comparison is done between the results of D-InSAR and leveling measurement. The comparison shows that the D-InSAR subsidence results are consistent with the field measurement results and the historical excavation data. Finally, some ideas and suggestions about InSAR applications to deformation monitoring in mining areas and mining industrial cities are given based on this case study and other applications.
Ground subsidence
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Almost every year, flood and landslide occur at Pangkalan Lima Puluh Kota district, West Sumatra, Indonesia. These not only destroyed the agricultural but also isolated the area. The area is essential for supporting transportation connection in the center of Sumatra. However, the handling of this issues is insufficient then scientific information is a necessity. In this research, flood monitoring data extracted using InSAR processed by SNAP Sentinel-1 toolbox. The data were provided by European Space Agency (ESA) Ground Range Detected (GRD) High-resolution, Interferometric Wide Sentinel-1A observation product in ascending and descending orbit Both co-polarization VV and cross-polarization VH of satellites detected slightly different flood covered. The cross-polarization is high sensitive than co-polarization. The result was the present great potential of SAR satellite data for detection and delimitation flood risk in the area.
Space-based radar
Early-warning radar
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The Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) phase shifts can be considered as overlapping contributions from different phenomena. Based on this, the new ` InSAR-ICA' technique has recently been developed for deriving the nominal topographical and surface deformation components. The InSAR-ICA's innovation is its capability to reach good performance by minimal or null non-SAR data, even in case of very few SAR interferograms available for the observational area. Therefore, it allows the SAR monitoring of unreachable areas and in case of no availability of meteorological data that are sufficiently simultaneous to SAR acquisition times for the atmospheric corrections. In this paper, a summary description of the InSAR-ICA technique is given, with specific references to the usefulness of its application on mountainous areas.
Spurious relationship
Component (thermodynamics)
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Ground subsidence
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Synthetic Aperture Radar interferometry(InSAR) is a rapidly developing earth observation technique.Comparie with leveling and GPS,InSAR had advantages in large area,high resolution,all-weather and low cost,which enabled it to be a potential tool of deformation monitoring.In this paper,two-pass and three-pass methods to obtain the deformation interferogram of Fengfeng-Handan mine in Hebei province of China from Envisat Single Look Complex data.Further more,some limits and merits of DInSAR in deformation monitoring are discussed according to the result of interferometry.
Deformation monitoring
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Forests are an integral component of local ecosystems as well as the global carbon cycle and as a result of the subject of intense human interest and study. Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) and Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) are proven technologies and have both been used to image forests across weather and daylight conditions. Both SAR and InSAR systems require the formation of at least one synthetic aperture which is not an instantaneous occurrence. Rather, synthetic apertures are formed by coherently combining multiple adjacent radar observations which are collected temporally close but not simultaneously. The time required to collect sufficient measurements to form a synthetic aperture or the time between synthetic aperture collections in the case of an InSAR system are of interest in this study as both delays enable an observation of temporal processes, such as a moving wind field, and their impact on SAR and InSAR measurements. We present an approach to quantify the effect of wind on a SAR system's ability to achieve coherence between adjacent measurements and that of an InSAR system to accurately estimate the canopy height of a tree. We propose to simulate a set of physically realistic trees and to expose each to the same set of incident wind fields. During the exposure, the instantaneous geometry of each tree will be stored and then imaged by a combined SAR and InSAR simulator thereby generating a temporal record of wind-blown tree geometries and their corresponding SAR and InSAR measurements. This collection of tree geometries, wind fields, and electromagnetic simulations will be used to develop a relationship between an incident wind field and the expected impact on SAR and InSAR measurements.
Tree canopy
Tree (set theory)
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In this paper, we present the results of D-InSAR technique and conventional leveling at selected area in Tianjin city, using 8 ENVISAT SAR images between 17 October 2003 and 17 February 2005.The D-InSAR results show that the subsidence rate reached over 5 cm/year (7 cm within 16 months) in highly sinking area, and it is consistent with leveling results. D-InSAR is able to provide more details of urban subsidence, and it is supplement to leveling surveys in those areas with sparse leveling benchmarks.
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