Transcript Levels of Aldo-Keto Reductase Family 1 Subfamily C (AKR1C) Are Increased in Prostate Tissue of Patients with Type 2 Diabetes
András FrankóLucia BertiJörg HennenlotterSteffen RauschMarcus ScharpfMartin Hrabé de AngelisArnulf StenzlAndreas L. BirkenfeldAndreas PeterStefan LutzHans‐Ulrich HäringMartin Heni
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Abstract:
Aldo-keto reductase family 1 (AKR1) enzymes play a crucial role in diabetic complications. Since type 2 diabetes (T2D) is associated with cancer progression, we investigated the impact of diabetes on AKR1 gene expression in the context of prostate cancer (PCa) development. In this study, we analyzed benign (BEN) prostate and PCa tissue of patients with and without T2D. Furthermore, to replicate hyperglycemia in vitro, we treated the prostate adenocarcinoma cell line PC3 with increasing glucose concentrations. Gene expression was quantified using real-time qPCR. In the prostate tissue of patients with T2D, AKR1C1 and AKR1C2 transcripts were higher compared to samples of patients without diabetes. In PC3 cells, high glucose treatment induced the gene expression levels of AKR1C1, C2, and C3. Furthermore, both in human tissue and in PC3 cells, the transcript levels of AKR1C1, C2, and C3 showed positive associations with oncogenes, which are involved in proliferation processes and HIF1α and NFκB pathways. These results indicate that in the prostate glands of patients with T2D, hyperglycemia could play a pivotal role by inducing the expression of AKR1C1, C2, and C3. The higher transcript level of AKR1C was furthermore associated with upregulated HIF1α and NFκB pathways, which are major drivers of PCa carcinogenesis.Keywords:
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Part 1 Introduction: problems of classification outline of zoogeography preparation of specimens organization and use of the book. Part 2 The family formicidae: diagnosis of the family formicidae the extant subfamilies key to subfamilies based on external morphology new format key to subfamilies. Part 3 Subfamilies: subfamily aenictinae subfamily aenictogitoninae subfamily aneuretinae subfamily apomyrminae subfamily cerapachyinae subfamily dolichoderinae subfamily dorylinae subfamily ecitoninae subfamily formicinae subfamily leptanillinae subfamily leptanilloidinae subfamily myrmiciinae subfamily nothomyrmeciinae subfamily ponerinae subfamily pseudomyrmecinae the extinct subfamilies - subfamily armaniinae, subfamily formiciinae, subfamily sphecomyrminae, subfamily paleosminthurinae.
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Abstract. A new subfamily of Stratiomyidae is proposed for Parhadrestia James and Cretaceogaster Teskey (fossil from Upper Cretaceous Canadian amber). Evidence is delimited that indicates that this subfamily is the sister‐group to all other known stratiomyids. Taxa in the subfamily are systematically described, including a new species, Parhadrestia curico , from Chile.
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We analyzed the levels of selected micro-RNAs in normal prostate tissue to assess their potential to indicate tumor foci elsewhere in the prostate. Histologically normal prostate tissue samples from 31 prostate cancer patients and two cancer negative control groups with either unsuspicious or elevated prostate specific antigen (PSA) levels (14 and 17 individuals, respectively) were analyzed. Based on the expression analysis of 157 microRNAs in a pool of prostate tissue samples and information from data bases/literature, we selected eight microRNAs for quantification by real-time polymerase chain reactions (RT-PCRs). Selected miRNAs were analyzed in histologically tumor-free biopsy samples from patients and healthy controls. We identified seven microRNAs (miR-124a, miR-146a & b, miR-185, miR-16 and let-7a & b), which displayed significant differential expression in normal prostate tissue from men with prostate cancer compared to both cancer negative control groups. Four microRNAs (miR-185, miR-16 and let-7a and let-7b) remained to significantly discriminate normal tissues from prostate cancer patients from those of the cancer negative control group with elevated PSA levels. The transcript levels of these microRNAs were highly indicative for the presence of cancer in the prostates, independently of the PSA level. Our results suggest a microRNA-pattern in histologically normal prostate tissue, indicating prostate cancer elsewhere in the organ.
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iii TABLE OF CONTENTS vii LIST OF TABLES x LIST OF FIGURES xi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xiii CHAPTER 1: REGULATION OF THE EXCHANGE ACTIVITY OF DBLFAMILY PROTEINS 1 Fgd subfamily: 2 Frg subfamily: 5 Ras-GRF subfamily: 8 Sos subfamily: 9 Ect2 Subfamily: 12 Tim subfamily: 15 Intersectin subfamily: 18 Net1 subfamily: 20 p115-RhoGEF subfamily: 23 Lbc subfamily: 25 Vav subfamily: 28 Pix subfamily: 33 Tiam subfamily: 36
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To evaluate the spatial distribution of prostate cancer detected at a single positive biopsy (PBx) and a repeat PBx (rPBx).We evaluated 533 consecutive men diagnosed with prostate cancer who underwent radical prostatectomy using a clinical map document based on XML (cMDX©)-based map model of the prostate. We determined the number of cancer foci, relative tumour volume, Gleason score, zone of origin, localisation, and pathological stage after stratification according to the number of PBx sessions (PBx vs rPBx). The distribution of 3966 prostate cancer foci was analysed and visualised on heat maps. The colour gradient of the heat map was reduced to six colours representing the frequency classification of prostate cancer using an image posterisation effect. Additionally, the spatial distribution of organ-confined prostate cancer between PBx and rPBx was evaluated.Prostate cancer diagnosed on PBx was mostly localised to the apical portion and the peripheral zone of the prostate. Prostate cancer diagnosed on rPBx was more frequently found in the anterior portion and the base of the prostate. Organ-confined prostate cancer foci were mostly localised in the dorsolateral zone of the prostate in men at PBx, whereas men at rPBx had more prostate cancer foci in the anterior portion.The spatial distribution of prostate cancer with rPBx differs significantly from the spatial distribution of prostate cancer with PBx. The whole anterior portion of the prostate should be considered by rPBx.
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Objective To investigate the expressions of mitosis regulative factor STK-15 in prostate cancer and the relationship between STK-15 and the biological behavior of prostate cancer.Methods The expressions of STK-15 were examined by using immunohistochemical staining on 63 cases of prostate cancer and 16 cases of normal prostate tissues.And the expressions of STK-15 mRNA were detected by using RT-PCR in 14 cases of prostate cancer,BPH,and normal prostate tissues respectively.Results The STK15 protein was expressed in 98%(62/63) of prostate cancer tissue and in 19%(3/16) of normal prostate tissues.The difference between these expression rates was significant(P0.001).Meanwhile,the positive expression rates of STK-15 mRNA in prostate cancer,BPH,and normal prostate tissue were 93%(13/14),21%(3/14) and 14%(2/14) respectively.Compared with those in BPH and normal prostate tissue,the STK-15 mRNA expression rate in prostate cancer was significantly high(P0.001).Meanwhile,there was no significant difference between those in BPH and normal prostate tissue(P0.05).Conclusion The expressions of STK-15 increase in prostate cancer tissues which may contribute to the prostate carcinogenesis.
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Palorinae, new subfamily, type genus Palorus Mulsant, is proposed to include Ulomotypus plus nine other genera from outside New Zealand. The subfamily is described and its relationships discussed, the closest other subfamily being Tenebrioninae. Ulomotypus is redescribed in detail. Aphtora is briefly diagnosed and is found to be a primitive member of the Tenebrioninae which cannot be assigned to a known tribe. Demtrius is also briefly diagnosed and is found to be a member of the tribe Titaenini, subfamily Tenebrioninae.
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CONTENTS
I. Introduction 3
A. Scope of the present paper 3
B. Measurements 7
C. Nomenclature 8
D. Acknowledgements 9
II. General Part 10
A. History of the study of Suriname bats 10
B. Remarks on Suriname bat life 18
1. Habitats of bats 19
2. Usefulness of bats 22
3. Enemies of bats 22
4. The control of bats 23
III. Systematic Part 25
Family Emballonuridae 26
Subfamily Emballonurinae 28
Subfamily Diclidurinae 58
Family Noctilionidae 62
Family Phyllostomidae 73
Subfamily Chilonycterinae 74
Subfamily Phyllostominae 78
Subfamily Glossophaginae 126
Subfamily Carolliinae 144
Subfamily Sturnirinae 153
Subfamily Stenodermatinae 157
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