Where has democracy helped the poor? Democratic transitions and early-life mortality at the country level
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Abstract The effects of democracy on living conditions among the poor are disputed. Previous studies have addressed this question by estimating the average effect of democracy on early-life mortality across all countries. We revisit this debate using a research design that distinguishes between the aggregated effects of democracy across all countries and their individual effects within countries. Using Interrupted Time Series methodology and estimating model parameters in a Bayesian framework, we find the average effect of democracy on early-life mortality to be close to zero, but with considerable variation at the country-level. Democratization was followed by fewer child deaths in 21 countries, an increase in deaths in eight, and no measurable changes in the remaining 32 cases. Transitions were usually beneficial in Europe, neutral or beneficial in Africa and Asia, and neutral or harmful in Latin America. The distribution of country-level effects is not consistent with common arguments about the conditional effects of democratic transitions. Our results open a new line of research into the sources of theses heterogeneous effects.The relationship between women's rights and democracy and democratization is examined, along with the gendered nature of pro‐democracy movements. A summary of the structural and cultural factors and forces that underpin pro‐democracy movements, and those that may predict whether or not outcomes will be compatible with women's equality and rights, is presented. References are made to various democracy movements and democratic transitions, including the Arab Spring.
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Democracy and democratization are two faces of a coin, and democracy is unattainable in the absence of the democratization process. This note deals with some salient points regarding the processes, challenges and obstacles of democratization in Africa since the early 1960s. The roles of traditional institutions for democratization in Africa have also been highlighted. I argue that the democratization process in Africa is characterized by ebb and flow. There are various challenges and obstacles to democratization in spite of strong aspirations. Yet, Africa should strive hard to overcome these challenges and obstacles since it has no choice other than democratization.
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Democracy and its Discontents in Latin America explores the gap between the democratic aspirations of Latin American citizens and their experiences with concrete democratic governments. The book is...
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This paper will analyze the era of signs of democratization of Korea and Kyrgyzstan in transition period into democratization, such as circumstances with respect to carry out democratization, the signs of democratization. Also in this paper we will analyze the political systems after the signs of democracy, the prospects of democratization.
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Does the removal of salient external threats foster democratization? Recent research proposes an affirmative answer but either fails to examine democratization at the monadic level, to consider small-scale democratization, or to account for factors known to influence the democratization process. The current study addresses this deficit by (re)examining democratization during the period 1919–2006. The findings suggest a strong relationship between border settlement and democratization. A state that settles all of its interstate borders democratizes; any outstanding unsettled borders, however, prevent significant democratization. Furthermore, although border settlement contributes to democratization, it does not significantly affect democratic regime change. This empirical evidence cumulatively specifies a more precise relationship between external threat and democratization than previous work and thereby contributes directly to the recent debate between the territorial and democratic peace theories. It also suggests that democratization may proceed more readily if states address unsettled borders first.
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Scholarly attention has started to shift from democratization and democratic consolidation to trends of democratic deconsolidation, backsliding, regression, and erosion. This article examines Hungary as a deviant and exemplary case for understanding de-democratization. The starting point is the literature on defective democracy, which provides a unified framework of analysis for the causes and the outcomes of democratization. However, as the case of Hungary shows, de-democratization is not simply the mirror of democratization. In Hungary, both the outcome and the process of de-democratization defy expectations. The democratic defects do not conform to any of the standard types, instead resembling a "diffusely defective democracy". Moreover, existing explanations fail to account for their emergence. The case of Hungary indicates that our knowledge of democratization may be a poor guide to understanding de-democratization.
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Journal Article Human rights and democratization in Latin America: Uruguay and Chile Get access Human rights and democratization in Latin America: Uruguay and Chile. By Alexandra Barahona de Brito. Oxford: Clarendon. 1997. 333pp. Index. £35.00. ISBN0 198 28038 6. Lucy Taylor Lucy Taylor 1University of Wales, Aberystwyth Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar International Affairs, Volume 73, Issue 4, October 1997, Page 838, https://doi.org/10.2307/2624545 Published: 01 October 1997
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Abstract In recent years, sociologists and historians of sport appear to have paid little attention to the process of democratization. "Classes to masses" type statements are still heard, and the assumption persists that if the participants in a sport at some earlier time came from a higher social class than the current participants, then democratization has magically occurred. This paper represents an attempt to revive the concept of democratization by providing a more comprehensive definition, which includes the notion that democratization concerns far more than providing the opportunity to participate; by considering the actual processes by which democratization occurs, and the continuing barriers to democratization; and by considering the circumstances under which democratization should occur, and the advantages of increased democratization in sport and leisure.
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