Nonsolvent-induced phase separation-derived TiO2 nanotube arrays/porous Ti electrode as high-energy-density anode for lithium-ion batteries
Zhijia ZhangJun ZhaoZhijun QiaoJiamin WangShihao SunWen-Xing FuXiyuan ZhangZhenyang YuYuhai DouJianli KangDing YuanYuezhan FengJianmin Ma
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The paper studies the thin film of TiO2 nanotube arrays about diameter of 40 μm, which grown by electrochemically second anodization using titanium foil. The structure and compositions of nanotube arrays were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Use the same electrolytes solution can grown three samples of TiO2 nanotube arrays under different times. That will be accordingly economize on electrolytes, and save on the time.
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Titanium oxide
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It is well known that the thickness of anodic oxide films on Al formed at low current densities is limited by chemical dissolution of the films in the bath during anodization. On the other hand, when anodizing at high current densities, the occurrance of burning limits the film thickness, which decreases with increasing current density.Based on the above facts, the maximum film thickness obtained under galvanostatic anodization was analyzed and calculated using both the chemical dissolving rate for oxide films and the burning occurrance curve. It is theoretically and experimentally demonstrated that the critical thickness of oxide film can be formed on Al only by using a high speed anodizing process, in which, after initial galvanostatic anodization at high current density, current density decreases with time along the burning occurrance curve.
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Effect of Anodization Parameters on Morphology and Photocatalysis Properties of TiO2 Nanotube Arrays
Highly ordered TiO2 nanotube arrays were fabricated via electrochemical anodization of high purity Ti foil in fluoride-containing electrolyte. The effects of applied anodization potential, anodization time on the formation of TiO2 nanotube arrays and the photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue(MB) were discussed. The TiO2 nanotube arrays calcined at 500 °C for 2 h show pure anatase phase. The pore diameters of TiO 2 nanotube arrays can be adjusted from 30 to 90 nm using a different anodization voltage.Anodization time mainly influenced TiO 2 tube length, and by increasing the anodization time, the nanotube length became longer gradually. When the anodization potential was 40 V, the average growth rate of TiO 2 nanotube was about 4.17 μm/h. Both anodization potential and time had important effects on the photocatalytic efficiency. The TiO 2 nanotube arrays obtained at anodization potential of 40 V for 1 h showed the best photocatalytic degradation ratio of MB.
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The cusped field thruster is a new electric propulsion device that is expected to have a non-uniform radial current density at the anode. To further study the anode current density distribution, a multi-annulus anode is designed to directly measure the anode current density for the first time. The anode current density decreases sharply at larger radii; the magnitude of collected current density at the center is far higher compared with the outer annuli. The anode current density non-uniformity does not demonstrate a significant change with varying working conditions.
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We synthesized TiO2 nanotube array by anodizing in a solution of malonic acid (HOOCCH2COOH) and NH4F, and analyzed the morphology of the nanotube using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The morphology of TiO2 nanotube was largely affected by anodizing time, anodizing voltage, and malonic acid concentration. With increasing the anodizing voltage from 5 V to 20 V, the diameter of TiO2 nanotube was increased from about 20 nm to 110 nm and its length from about 10 nm to 700 nm. In addition, the length of TiO2 nanotube was increased with increasing anodizing time up to 6 h at 20 V. We obtained the longest and the most highly ordered nanotube structure when anodizing Ti in a solution of 0.5 wt% NH4F and 1 M malonic acid at 20 V for 6 h.
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The objective of this paper is to determine the radial distribution of the anode current in the high current vacuum arcs under the axial magnetic field(AMF). Based on the specially experimental geometry of a split anode and a butt-type cathode, the currents of the every four divided areas at the anode were measured. In this experiment, four types of the split anode contacts were selected, with the diameters of the central area of 10 mm, 14 mm, 20 mm and 20 mm, respectively. The contact material was CuCr25 (25% Cr). The arc current I ranged from 6 to 14 kA (rms) at 50 Hz. The opening velocity was 2.4 m/s. An external applied uniform AMF was 74 mT. The appearance of the vacuum arcs was recorded by a high-speed charge-coupled device video camera. The experimental results quantitatively reveal the radial distribution of the anode current by the four types split-anode contacts. In our experiments, the current density in the four types split-anode under different geometry was quantitatively measured, which was closely related to the anode current distribution in radial direction. The current density of central area decreased evidently with the increasing of the diameter of the anode central area, which quantitatively indicated that the anode current density concentrated in the central area. The current density of anode central area with the smaller diameter had a higher increasing rate with the increasing of the arc current.
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