Growth and yield of wheat as influenced by dates of sowing and varieties in north western Himalayas
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An experiment was conducted during Rabi seasons of 2015-16 and 2016-17 to study the effect of five dates of sowing (20th October,5th November, 20th November, 5th and 20th December) on growth, yield attributes and yield of four wheat varieties (VL-829,VL-907,VL-892 and HS-490) on a silty clay loam soil at Palampur (HP), India. Wheat sown on 20th November recorded significantly highest plant height, tillers/m2, Dry matter accumulation, grains/spike, grain and straw yield. Among varieties, VL-907 recorded significantly highest grains/spike, grain and straw yield and hence recorded significantly highest grain yield.Cite
In a field experiment at Faisalabad, Pakistan conducted during winter 2005-06, the effect of three sowing dates December 1, 15 and 30 on three wheat cultivars Inqlab-91, AS-2002 and Bhakkar-2002 was studied. Sowing dates and varieties both significantly affected the number of fertile tillers m, plant height, number of spikelets per spike, 1000-grain weight and grain yield. In case of sowing dates significantly maximum grain yield (4289.54 kg ha) was obtained when crop was sown on 1 December against the minimum grain yield (2109.50 kg ha ) in case of late sowing i.e. 30 December. Among of varieties Inqlab-91 gave significantly maximum yield (3550.44 kg ha) while minimum yield (2932.59 kg ha) was obtained by AS-2002.
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An experiment was conducted during 4 consecutive winter (rabi) season of 2003 to 2007 to study the phenology, growing degree days and its subsequent effect on grain yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.emend. Fiori and Paol) varieties grown under varying environmental conditions. The crop sown on 23 November took maximum calendar days and growing degree days for tiller initiation, boot stage, ear emergence, milk stage, dough stage and maturity which got reduced significantly with subsequent delay in sowing time and recorded lowest value on 4 January-sown crop. Highest heat-use efficiency and grain were also obtained when sowing was done on 23 November, both heat-use efficiency and grain yield decreased significantly on delayed sowing. The reduction in grain yield was recorded to the tune of 7.45, 30.91 and 55% when sowing was delayed on 7 December, 21 December and 4 January, respectively as compared to 23 November-sown crop. Per unit increase in growing degree days over 1477.7°C increased grain yield to the tune of 11.1, 7.2, 5.6 and 5.8 kg/ha/day of wheat varieties ‘K 9107’, ‘PBW 343’, ‘HP 1744’ and ‘NW 1014’, respectively. Among the tested varieties, timely-sown wheat varieties took highest calendar days, growing degree days for these phenophases and recorded highest heat-use efficiency and grain yield than late-sown wheat varieties. The significant reduction in grain yield of timely-sown wheat varieties ‘K 9107’ and ‘PBW 343’ was recorded when sowing was delayed beyond 23 November, while significant reduction in late-sown varieties, ‘HP 1744’ and ‘NW 1014’ was noticed beyond 7 December. The reduction in grain yield of timely-sown varieties was more pronounced beyond 21 December.
Tiller (botany)
Growing degree-day
Growing season
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A field experiment was conducted in Rabi season during 2013-14 on the entitled “Effect of sowing date and varieties on growth, yield and yield attributes of wheat in Central plan Zone of U.P.” in sandy loam soil at Students Instructional Farm of C.S. Azad University of Agriculture and Technology, Kanpur-208002 (U.P.). The experiment consisted of sixteen treatment combinations comprised of four sowing date on November, 30, December, 10, December, 20 and December, 30 and four variety viz., PBW-343 find out yielded the other varieties K-307, Mahi, HUW-234 for the reason that No. of grain/ear, grain wt/ear and test weight was more in this variety as compared to other three varieties. Results reveal that significant influence with higher grain yield (44.58q/ha) under sowing on 30 November. It was significantly superior over sowing on 10 December (41.08 q/ha), 20 December (35.42 q/ha) followed by sowing on 30 December (32.33 q/ha). The varieties PWB-343 was superior to K-307, Mahi and HUW-234, respectively, from yield point of view and its attributes Regarding selection of varieties under four dates tested in the study was also very clear that sequence of varieties in order of preference was PWB-343, K-307, Mahi HUW-234. The study also confirmed that consequent delay in sowing significantly decreases the yield irrespective of varieties. Thus it is recommended that wheat crop may be sown in month of November to obtain the higher yield.
Test weight
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The experiment was conducted during Rabi season of 2018-19 at Students’ Instructional Farm, Chandra Shekhar University of Agriculture and Technology, Kanpur to assess the effect of weather parameters on date of sowing and varieties on growth and yield of wheat. The field experiment included two factors, viz. dates of sowing in main-plot (15th November, 30th November, 15th December) and varieties in sub-plot (HD 2967, K 1006, K 402) was accommodated in split plot design replicated three times. On the basis of experimental study it was concluded that among sowing dates, 15th November sowing is the most economical than rest of the sowing dates The sowing on 15th November recorded better growth, yield attributes and grain yield (4482.11 kg ha-1) and harvest index (38.09%) of wheat crop. Among wheat varieties tested HD 2967 exhibited maximum grain yield (4831.56 kg ha-1) and harvest index (38.26%) compared to other varieties. On economic parameters 15th November sowing recorded maximum Net income (Rs.72188.39 ha-1) and B: C ratio (2:73). Among varieties K-402 evaluated maximum net income (Rs.82368.13 ha-1) and B: C ratio (3:04) compared to other varieties.
Uttar pradesh
Non-invasive ventilation
Growing season
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The field experiment was conducted during rabi sesone 2015-16 to generate the ground truth data of wheat crop. The experiment was conducted in Split Plot Design and replicated four times. The treatment comprised of three dates of sowing viz. 25th November (D1), 10th December (D2) and 25th December (D3) kept as a main plot with three varieties viz. PBW-343 (V1), PWB-502 (V2) and LOKE-1 (V3) kept as a subplot. The crop weather condition overestimated the plant height, total dry matter (g/m2), leaf area index, days taken to 50% flowering, days taken to maturity, RGR, CGR, number of effective tillers per spike, grain yield (kg ha-1), 1000 grains weight (g), number of grains spike-1, days taken to maturity, grain yield and harvest index of wheat crop grown in region. The lowest error percent was recorded in a timely sown crop of wheat (November 25th) with PBW-343 variety (D1V1) and error percent increased with delay in sowing. The crop growth in wheat crop depicted well the variation in yield due varying crop growth environment based on different dates of sowing. The grain yield events were close to observed values in a timely sown crop suggested that the yield was well within the accepted limits, therefore the predicting wheat yield events in the regions of Uttar Pradesh, where the experiment was conducted
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An experiment was conducted during rabi season of 2017-18 to study the effect of three dates of sowing (25th October, 25th November and 25th December) and four wheat varieties (HPW-349, HS-542, HS-490 and VL-907) on growth, yield attributes and yield at Palampur (HP), India. Wheat sown on 25th October recorded significantly highest plant height, tillers/m2, dry matter accumulation, grains/spike, grain and straw yield. Among varieties, HPW-349 and VL-907 recorded significantly highest grains/spike, tillers/m2 and dry matter accumulation hence recorded significantly highest grain yield.
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Field experiments were conducted during 2009/10 and 2010/2011 dry seasons at the Fadama Teaching and Research Farm of the Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, in the Sudan Savanna ecological zone of Nigeria (latitude 13°01'N; longitude 5°15'E, altitude of 350 m above sea level) to study the effect of water stress, sowing date and cultivar on yield and yield components of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The treatments consisted of factorial combination of water stress at three critical growth stages which was imposed by withholding water at tillering, flowering, grain filling and control (no stress), four sowing dates (21st November, 5th December, 19th December and 2nd January) and two bread wheat cultivar (Star 11 TR 77173/SLM and Kuaz/Weaver), laid out in a split-plot design with three replications. Water stress and date of sowing were assigned to the main-plot, while variety was assigned to the sub-plots. Result revealed that water stress at tillering significantly reduced spike length and grains per spike. Whereas, water stress at flowering and grain filling significantly reduced 1000-grain weight, grain yield and harvest index. Results also indicated significant (P st November and 5th December and lowest at 19th December and 2nd January, therefore wheat should be sown in November or at least first week of December in this area and other area with similar climate. Variety had significant effect on spike per m-2, grain yield and harvest index. Water stress at flowering and grain filling should be avoided as they are the most critical growth stages in yield determination in wheat, because plants cannot recover, while delay in sowing resulted in reduction in yield and yield components. Star II TR 77173/SLM is therefore recommended for the area.
Water Stress
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A field experiment was conducted Seed and Plant Improvement Institute, Karaj (Iran) for two seasons, 2007-08 and 2008-09, on farmer's fields to investigate the effect of two sowing dates; optimum sowing date (1st November) and late sowing date (20th November) on yield and yield components of eight wheat genotypes. The results showed that the optimum sowing produced higher grain and biomass yields, 1000- grain weight, Spike per square meter compared to late sowing. Between grain yield and traits of biological yield, 1000- grain weight and grain per square meter were correlated positively.
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A field experiment was conducted at the Agronomy research field, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka, Bangladesh during November 2012 to March 2013 in rabi season with a view to find out the optimum sowing date for maximum growth and yield of wheat varieties. The experiment was carried out with three wheat varieties i.e. BARI Gom 21, BARI Gom 23 and BARI Gom 24; and five different sowing dates viz. 10th November; 20th November; 30th November; 10th December and 20th December of 2012 following Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. The results revealed that among the wheat varieties BARI Gom 24 performed best recording the highest grain yield (4.51 t ha-1). On the other hand, November 20th performed better than the other sowing dates showing the highest grain yield (4.81 t ha-1). Gradual decrease of growth parameters, yield attributes and yield were observed when wheat seeds were planted in delay after November 20th. Based on the above findings it may be concluded that wheat seeds of BARI Gom 24 may be sown on 20th November for obtaining maximum grain yield.
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A field Experiments were carried out during two winter successive seasons 2011/2012 and 2012/2013 at Sakha Agricultural Research Station.Agricultural Research Center at the north region of Delta Egypt, to illustrate the importance of studying sowing dates of some wheat cultivars.Ten cultivars of bread wheat (Sakha 93, Sakha 94, Giza 168, Misr 1, Misr 2, Gemmeiza 9, Gemmeiza 11, Sids12, Shandawel 1 and Giza 171) were sown at 20 th October, 20 th November and 20 th December.Sowing date were separated and wheat cultivars were distributed randomly in the every experiment.The results indicated that there were significant differences among the three sowing dates for all studied traits in both seasons.Sowing on 20 th October recorded the lowest days to heading and straw yield, longest time to maturity.Meanwhile, sowing on 20 st November recorded the tallest plants, highest number of spikes/m 2 , number of grains/spike and grain yield.On the other hand, sowing on 20 th December recorded the decreases in yield and increases in protein percentage.The differences among bread wheat cultivars were significant in both seasons.Misr 2 recorded the highest number of days to heading and maturity.Sakha 94 recorded the highest number of tillers/m 2 .Giza 171 produced the highest values for 1000-grain weight.Misr 2 and Sakha 94 recorded the highest number of grains/spike and straw yield.Meanwhile, Misr 1 and Gemmeiza 9 recorded the highest grain and straw yields/Fed.Giza 168 recorded the highest values for both of harvest index and protein percentage.Sakha 94 recorded the highest number of days to heading and maturity and plant height when sowing on 20 November.Gemmeiza 11and Giza 171 recorded the highest values for 1000-grain weight in two seasons when sowing on 20 November.It can be concluded that sowing Giza 168 and Misr 1 on different sowing dates, sowing Gimaza 9, Gemmeiza 11, Shandaweel 1 and Giza 171 on optimum date and sowing Misr 2 on the late date are recommended for optimum grain at Kafr elsheikh area.
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