Occupational morbidity of women beedi workers in Telangana
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Beedi rolling is a popular small-scale industry in Telangana which provides employment to over a million people. Beedi rolling is generally done by women sitting at home. Despite the work being labor-intensive, women continue to do it as there is no other source of livelihood. Thus, this study was carried out to understand the morbidity status, working conditions, and hygiene of women beedi workers in the rural areas of Telangana.Descriptive, cross-sectional, community-based study was carried out from 2015 to 2016. Sample size calculated was 560 including a non-response rate of 10%. Multistage stratified sampling method was used to select the workers. A pretested semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect data regarding sociodemographic profile, hygiene measures, and health problems after written informed consent. Data entry and statistical analysis were done using Epi Info version 7.2.The study population comprised of 528 women beedi workers. Mean age of study subjects was 40.8 (10.9) years. Most of them were (67%) illiterates. Awareness regarding occupational health hazards and hygienic practices was poor. A significant proportion of workers was found to have chronic diseases including musculoskeletal problems (50%), gynecological problems (31%), respiratory morbidity (27%), hypertension (25%), malnutrition (20%), and diabetes mellitus (2.65%).Beedi workers should be given complete information about the occupational health hazards and preplacement training should be given regarding occupational safety and personal hygiene measures.Keywords:
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In this research project, we studied factors that presumably affect the incidence of diarrhoea among young children in urban slums in developing countries: consumption of safe drinks, hygiene behaviour, cleanliness of household surroundings and the quality of raw water. Beliefs concerning the causes of diarrhoea were also related to health-improving behaviour, namely the application of the water-treatment method SODIS (solar water disinfection) and hygiene behaviour. We conducted a survey in a shanty town in Nairobi, Kenya. Field workers interviewed 500 households. Analysis with regression models revealed that two out of the four postulated factors were significant: children have a lower risk of contracting diarrhoea when they consume high percentages of safe drinks and live in households with good hygiene. As regards beliefs, we found that biomedical knowledge of children's diarrhoea as well as the perceived social norm for treating water was associated with the use of SODIS and good hygiene.
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Objective To explore scientific sampling methods and corresponding formulas for sensitive question survey on stratified random sampling.Methods Simmons model for dichotomous sensitive questions,stratified random sampling,Cochran's classic sampling theories,total probability formulas and properties of variance were used to deduce corresponding formulas.Results Formulas for the estimation of the population proportions and its variance on Simmons model for dichotomous sensitive questions in stratified random sampling were deduced respectively and corresponding survey methods and formulas were successfully designed and applied in the survey of premarital sexual behavior among students at soochow university in which the estimated proportion of premarital sexual behavior for undergraduate and graduate was 14.90% and 31.94% respectively and 20.86% for overall.Comparing with standard method,high validity was proved(P 0.05).Conclusion The methods and corresponding formulas on Simmons model in stratified random sampling are feasible.
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A survey on farm animals storage was an important part of agricultural survey,the mainly survey method was sampling.The objective of the study was to select a suitable sampling method based on an example to estimate the nationwide cow storage.Second-order PPS(sampling with probability proportional to size) sampling,the stratified proportion sampling and the stratified second-order typical sampling were adopted in the survey on beef cattle storage in the Aohan county,Inner Mongolia,compared the accuracies given by the three methods.The results showed that under the optimal sample size for each of the three methods,the order of the three methods according to the relative error was: the stratified second-order typical samplingthe stratified proportion samplingsecond-order PPS sampling,and the relative error of the stratified second-order typical sampling was less than the stratified proportion sampling and second-order PPS sampling to 60.38 and 92.83 percent respectively,while the order of the confidence interval was:the stratified second-order typical samplingthe stratified proportion sampling second-order PPS sampling.Overall,the stratified second-order typical sampling gave the highest accuracy,and the relative error was the smallest.Therefore,in actual application,the stratified second-order typical sampling is the most applicable.
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Taking the estimation of area-percent about different land use in certain city as an example, we evaluated the effect of simple random sampling, stratified sampling based on administrator region, stratified sampling based on knowledge and stratified-systematic sampling based on spatial autocorrelation. Sample size and precision (standard deviation) were made decision criteria to estimate the effect. The results showed that: 1.) Similar estimations were acquired. 2.) Compared with simple random, sampling stratified sampling possessed higher precision and small sample size. 3.) Stratified sampling based on knowledge had higher precision than stratified sampling based on administrator region, through both had the same sample size. 4.) Stratified-systematic sampling based on spatial autocorrelation could reduce data redundancy evidently and the cost of investigate. Though the precision was lower than other models, the difference was not significant. Therefore, stratified-systematic sampling based on spatial autocorrelation was deserved to be recommended.
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How can children best learn about hygiene and the links between poor hygiene and poor health? This article describes how the CHAST (Children's Hygiene and Sanitation Training) materials were designed in Somalia, so that children could learn these lessons in a fun and memorable way.
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This chapter contains sections titled: What Is a Stratified Random Sample? How to Take a Stratified Random Sample Why Stratified Sampling? Population Parameters for Strata Sample Statistics for Strata Estimation of Population Parameters from Stratified Random Sampling Summary
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Abstract Unsafe drinking water, poor sanitation, and inadequate hygiene are key contributors to deteriorating child health in low- and middle-income countries. This chapter focuses on (1) evaluating child health and nutritional status; (2) clarifying the factors contributing to undernutrition and diarrhea prevalence by focusing on water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH); and (3) evaluating fecal contamination and children’s hand hygiene. The study was conducted at a preschool and two elementary schools in densely populated Bandung, Indonesia, targeting children and their caretakers, using anthropometric measurements, handwashing observation, hand bacteria testing, and questionnaires. The results showed that not using a towel after handwashing was significantly associated with increased risk of stunting. Children from households using tap water instead of tank water as drinking water suffered from increased risk of stunting and thinness. Moreover, children from households using open containers for water storage were associated with increased risk of diarrhea. Most children (98.7%) had hand fecal contamination, with girls having significantly less Escherichia coli ( E. coli ) than boys. E. coli counts were negatively correlated with handwashing technique, handwashing with soap, and a developed WASH index. The findings suggest that successful home drinking water management and proper personal hygiene practices are important for attaining better child health.
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Purpose: This study was conducted to test the effect of the Hand Hygiene Education Program on hand hygiene knowledge, hand hygiene perception, nasal Staphylococcus aureus colonization and hand hygiene adherence in nursing students. Methods: A non-equivalent pre-post test of quasi-experimental design was used. 87 second grade nursing students participated in the study with 43 in the experimental group and 44 in the control group. We used the Hand Hygiene Education Program which was held 5 times over 5 weeks, taking 60 minutes per session. For the analysis, descriptive statistics, chi test, and t-test were used for statical analysis with SPSS 19.0. Results: There were significant increases in hand hygiene knowledge (p=.004) and hand hygiene adherence (p=.002) and there was a significant decrease in nasal Staphylococcus aureus colonization (p=.026) in the experimental group compared to the control group. However, hand hygiene perception (p=.543) was not significantly changed. Conclusion: Findings of this study suggest that the Hand Hygiene Education Program may be effective in enhancing hand hygiene knowledge and hand hygiene adherence. Also this program was effective in reducing nasal Staphylococcus aureus colonization in nursing students. Further studies are needed to evaluate the effects of the Hand Hygiene Education Program on hand hygiene perception in nursing students.
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