A Multilevel Pulse Generator Based on Series Capacitor Structure for Cell Electroporation
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Research on the effect of pulsed electric field in cell electroporation attracts more attention, especially tumor ablation. This puts forward higher requirements for pulsed electric field parameters. The shape of the pulse waveform was also required in different electroporation applications. Based on this, a multilevel pulse generator with series capacitor structure was proposed in this article. Besides, it can also obtain the different shapes of the pulse waveforms by controlling the timing of semiconductor switches. The voltage amplitude, the number of pulses, and the pulsewidth are all adjustable. A ten-level test prototype with 11 switches was built. The structure was simple and was more compact. It can work stably under the simulated small resistance load. Finally, when the dc charging voltage was 1 kV, the system can achieve a maximum output voltage of ±500 V. The number of pulse in one pulse sequence was 1-500. The pulsewidth was adjustable from 1 to $10~\mu \text{s}$ . By controlling the switch's timing, it can also obtain the multilevel voltage output, exponential waveform voltage output, and composite waveform output combined narrow pulse with wide pulse.SIGNAL (programming language)
Sequence (biology)
Pulse sequence
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Electroporator is a generator of electric pulses that is used for permeabilization of cells. There are five major concepts of electroporation design. Capacitor discharge, square wave generator, and analog generator are used to generate classical electroporation pulses that are longer than microsecond and pulse forming network, and resonant charging generator that are used to generate nanosecond electroporation pulses. The choice of an electroporator design is always driven by the biotechnological or biomedical application. Electroporators can be used for introduction of small (electrochemotherapy) and large molecules (gene electrotransfer), cell fusion, insertion of proteins into cell membrane, electroporation of organelles, pasteurization, tissue ablation etc. Basic concepts and foreseeable future developments in electroporator design are presented in this article.
Electrochemotherapy
Irreversible Electroporation
Square wave
Microsecond
Nanosecond
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A newtypeofpulsed ionbeamaccelerator namedbipolar pulse accelerator (BPA)hasbeenproposed inorder to improve thepurity ofintense pulsed ionbeams. Toconfirm theprinciple oftheBPA,we developed a bipolar pulse generator forthebipolar pulse experiment, whichconsists of aMarxgenerator andapulse forming line (PFL) witharail gapswitch onits end. Wereport thefirst experimental result ofthebipolar pulse andevaluate theelectrical characteristics ofthebipolar pulse generator. Whenthebipolar pulse generator wasoperated at70%0ofthefull charge condition ofthePFL,thesquare bipolar pulse, whichconsists ofthe first pulse withavoltage of-138kVandapulse duration of 72ns(FWHM)andthesecond pulse withavoltage of+130 kVandapulse duration of70ns(FWHM),issuccessfully obtained. Theevaluation oftheelectrical characteristics indicates thatthedeveloped generator canproduce the bipolar pulse withfast rise timeandsharp reversing time. At present thebipolar pulse generator isinstalled intheBytype magnetically insulated iondiodeandwe aredoingthe experiment ontheproduction ofanintense pulsed ionbeam bythebipolar pulse accelerator.
Pulse duration
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Electroporator is a generator of electric pulses that is used for permeabilization of cells. There are five major concepts of electroporation design. Capacitor discharge, square wave generator, and analog generator are used to generate classical electroporation pulses that are longer than microsecond and pulse forming network, and resonant charging generator that are used to generate nanosecond electroporation pulses. The choice of an electroporator design is always driven by the biotechnological or biomedical application. Electroporators can be used for introduction of small (electrochemotherapy) and large molecules (gene electrotransfer), cell fusion, insertion of proteins into cell membrane, electroporation of organelles, pasteurization, tissue ablation etc. Basic concepts and foreseeable future developments in electroporator design are presented in this article.
Electrochemotherapy
Irreversible Electroporation
Square wave
Nanosecond
Microsecond
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A megawatt-range short pulse generator based on the diode step recovery phenomenon and the Marx generator idea is presented. This generator utilizes both opening and closing switches in one circuit. The proposed circuit is compact, light, and low cost and is driven by a low-power source. By using a three-stage Marx generator, the output peak power of 0.6 MW was obtained. The dimensions of the generator are 8 cm × 8 cm. Experimental measurements of the output pulse characteristics showed a rise time of 100 ns for a 16-Ω load. The input peak power was 4 W which showed more than 10 5 times increase in the pulse peak power.
Marx Generator
Pulsed Power
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According to the electro-acoustic pulse method for space charge measurement system of high voltage pulse power supply, the paper presents the pulse forming line and the oscillating circuit principle to realize the ultra narrow pulse high voltage. In this paper, based on the detailed discussion and analysis of the influence of the parameters of the pulse generating principle and the forming line, the ultra narrow high voltage pulse power supply is fabricated and tested. The results of the test can be seen that the high-voltage pulse generator based on the principle of pulse forming line can form a stable ultra narrow high voltage pulse (ns class). With the pulse width of the pulse forming line length increases, and it can be applied to space charge measurement system of pulse electro acoustic method.
High Voltage
Pulsed Power
Line (geometry)
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Nanosecond
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Coupled by the Marx of the “JianGuang-I” facility, a high voltage, low time-delay trigger generator was developed. Working principles of this trigger generator and its key issues were described in detail. Structures of this generator were also carefully designed and optimized. Based on the “JianGuang-I” Marx generator, a test stand was established. And a series of experiment tests were carried out to the study performance of this trigger generator. Experiment results show that the output voltage of this trigger generator can be continuously adjusted from 58 kV to 384 kV. The time delay (from the beginning of the Marx-discharging pulse to the time that the output pulse of the trigger generator arises) of this trigger pulse is about 200 ns and its peak time (0%∼100%) is less than 50 ns. Experiment results also indicate that the time-delay jitter of trigger voltages decreases rapidly with the increase in the peak voltage of trigger pulses. When the trigger voltage is higher than 250 kV, the time-delay jitters (the standard deviation) are less than 7.7 ns.
Marx Generator
Rise time
High Voltage
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The construction of MAGPIE, a terawatt pulsed power facility, has been completed at Imperial College, London. The generator consists of four 2.4MV, 86kJ Marx banks each feeding a 5Ω coaxial pulse forming line. The pulse forming lines are connected, via four trigatron switches, to a vertical coaxial transfer line and hence to the load. The generator is specifically designed to drive high impedance loads, enabling radiative collapse experiments to be carried out in cryogenic Hydrogen fibres. This requires the capability to deliver 1.5MA into a 100nH load in 150ns. A review of the project to date is given. This includes the design philosophy behind the generator, emphasising its unique aspects, and an outline of the tests which have been carried out to optimise its performance. Results from the first stage in the commissioning of the generator are also presented. This involved the firing of the complete generator, charged to 60% of maximum voltage, into a 150nH load. Currents of approximately 700kA have been achieved with an average of 7ns first to last for the four trigatron switches.
Marx Generator
Coaxial
Pulsed Power
Line (geometry)
Coaxial cable
Electric generator
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