Variation of intra‐aggregate organic carbon affects aggregate formation and stability during organic manure fertilization in a fluvo‐aquic soil
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Abstract The aggregate formation and stability are controlled by the dynamics of soil organic matters (SOM), but how it is related to SOM chemical composition within different‐sized aggregates is largely unknown during manure fertilization. In this study, the variations of intra‐aggregate organic carbon (OC), including intra‐particulate organic matter (iPOM) and mineral‐associated organic matter, were quantitatively and qualitatively analysed, and then, their effects on aggregate formation and stability were assessed under four treatments: control (CK), mineral fertilizer (NPK), reduced manure (30%M) and manure fertilizers (M). Manure application (M) significantly increased macroaggregate proportion, mean weight diameter (MWD), and OC contents within different‐sized aggregates compared to CK, NPK, and 30%M. The OC accumulation of macroaggregate in M was attributed to OC content increase in silt plus clay subfraction rather than iPOM with more labile organic groups; oppositely, in microaggregate it was located in the relatively stable fine iPOM. The macroaggregate formation and stability were controlled by the fine iPOM within macroaggregates, whose abundant polysaccharide‐C and aliphatic‐C after manure fertilization advanced the microbial growth except for Gram‐positive bacteria, which further promoted macroaggregate formation and stability. The free silt plus clay fraction also affected macroaggregate formation and stability, and its polysaccharide‐C derived from microorganisms or decomposing SOM was positively associated with MWD and macroaggregate proportion. Because polysaccharide‐C can be easily associated with mineral particles, further improving micro‐ or macroaggregation. We conclude that continuous manure fertilization could increase labile SOM accumulation within aggregates and then facilitate microbial growth, which collectively are responsible for aggregate formation and stabilization.Keywords:
Silt
The vertical distribution of different forms of N, P and K did not follow any definite trend. The relationship of soil properties with forms of N, P and K indicated positive influence of pH on total N and organic carbon and silt on available N. The total P bore significantly positive relationship with pH, organic carbon, cation exchange capacity, silt and clay. The organic carbon and clay contents had positive influence on water soluble P as well. Total K was positively correlated with organic carbon, CEC and silt and water soluble K with sand and silt.
Silt
Cation-exchange capacity
Carbon fibers
Soil carbon
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The study pertains to available water holding capacity of the 13 soil textural classes, ranging from sand to clay, occurring in the left and right ayacuts of Hirakud Command Area, Orissa. Texture, organic matter (OC) and bulk density (BD) were found to influence the water holding capacity, predictable from the equation, Y = 8.598+0.129 (silt+clay)+3.241(OC-4.678 (BD) with R2=0.93. Available water holding capacity though, in general, was significantly correlated with silt plus clay fraction, within the textural groups it was still more closely related to silt plus clay in coarse and moderately coarse textured soils, to silt in medium textured, and to the proportion of silt to clay in fine textured ones. Water retention was largely influenced by the nature of dominant clay mineral.
Silt
Soil texture
Water-Holding Capacity
Texture (cosmology)
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The minerals of the silt of the end of Three Gorges reservoir of Yangtze River were studied. Through the spectral analysis of the samples, the analysis of chemistry components and the content mensuration of main minerals, chemistry components and composition of the main minerals have been tested. The results show that: the silt of Three Gorges of Yangtze River in Chongqing is mainly composed of silicolites and quartz, containing Fe and Ti in small quantity and Yt, Yb and Sc in minim quantity. Main mineral in the silt contain Sc, and average content of Sc in the silt is 6.6g/t. Manufacture of building materials can be made of the trailing and lixiviation dreg by separating Sc from the silt. The silt may be utilized synthetically.
Silt
Yangtze river
Three gorges
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Impact of Soil Texture on the Distribution of Soil Organic Matter in Physical and Chemical Fractions
Previous research on the protection of soil organic C from decomposition suggests that soil texture affects soil C stocks. However, different pools of soil organic matter (SOM) might be differently related to soil texture. Our objective was to examine how soil texture differentially alters the distribution of organic C within physically and chemically defined pools of unprotected and protected SOM. We collected samples from two soil texture gradients where other variables influencing soil organic C content were held constant. One texture gradient (16–60% clay) was located near Stewart Valley, Saskatchewan, Canada and the other (25–50% clay) near Cygnet, OH. Soils were physically fractionated into coarse‐ and fine‐particulate organic matter (POM), silt‐ and clay‐sized particles within microaggregates, and easily dispersed silt‐ and clay‐sized particles outside of microaggregates. Whole‐soil organic C concentration was positively related to silt plus clay content at both sites. We found no relationship between soil texture and unprotected C (coarse‐ and fine‐POM C). Biochemically protected C (nonhydrolyzable C) increased with increasing clay content in whole‐soil samples, but the proportion of nonhydrolyzable C within silt‐ and clay‐sized fractions was unchanged. As the amount of silt or clay increased, the amount of C stabilized within easily dispersed and microaggregate‐associated silt or clay fractions decreased. Our results suggest that for a given level of C inputs, the relationship between mineral surface area and soil organic matter varies with soil texture for physically and biochemically protected C fractions. Because soil texture acts directly and indirectly on various protection mechanisms, it may not be a universal predictor of whole‐soil C content.
Silt
Soil texture
Texture (cosmology)
Soil test
Bulk soil
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Experiments were conducted on different fertilization in Castanea mollissima stands in Tonglu, Zhejiang province, with four treatments, including no fertilization, reducing fertilization, conventional fertilization and increment fertilization. The result showed that the biomass of soil microorganisms in the chestnut forest increased with fertilization within certain quantity. The number of bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes were expressed as conventional fertilization increment fertilization reducing fertilization no fertilization. The soil enzyme activity was significantly increased by fertilization, and the activities of sucrase, urease, phosphatase were expressed as increment fertilization conventional fertilization reducing fertilization no fertilization. Different treated stands had no significant effect on single fruit weight. The average single fruit weight ranges from 8.50-8.85g. With the increase of fertilizer quantity, yield of chestnut significantly increased, however, excessive fertilization had negative effect on the yield. The yield of different treated stands ranged from 693.0-1273.5kg/ha.
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Through analysis of the SEM experiment on the retem pering silt with di fferent clay contents and at different times, the writer introduces the variatio n law of silt's micro structure and the relationship between silt's micro stru ct ure and it's anti liquefaction. Through analyzing the silt's micro photo, the wr iter draws the conclusion that the micro structural characteristics of the silt with natural grains of clay varies when it's clay contents amount to Pc=9%, which is one of the turning points where the silt's characteristics change.
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In order to utilize the Yellow River sediments,silt is characterized by instruments for silt properties. The silt in the lower reaches of the Yellow River is also solidified using a hydrothermal processing method,and investigated the effect of addition content on flexural strength of solidified bodies and its hardening mechanism.The analytical results show that the particle size,chemical and mineralogical compositions of the silt in the upper,middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River are almost the same and the amount of heavy metals dissolved from the silt is below the regulatory levels for the environmental quality standards for soils of China.The flexural strength of solidified samples reaches 17MPa.The strength development is shown to depend on the formation of tobermorite,and the more the tobermorite,the higher the strength.
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Tobermorite
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The overyear average amount of silt deposit in Dongting Lake is as high as 13×10~7 t, Long-term silt deposit contribute to special ecological environment. The special circumstance and destructive activities of people accelerated the speed of silt deposit broke the balance of ecological system, and formed secondary disastrous environment. Subsquently, the abnormal change of environment amplified the impact of silt deposit, result in the format and cocurrence of disasfrous chains in the final analysis, the gradual formation process of disastrous chains all originated from the long-term silt deposit.
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Impact of soil texture on the distribution of soil organic matter in physical and chemical fractions
Previous research on the protection of soil organic C from decomposition suggests that soil texture affects soil C stocks. However, different pools of soil organic matter (SOM) might be differently related to soil texture. Our objective was to examine how soil texture differentially alters the distribution of organic C within physically and chemically defined pools of unprotected and protected SOM. We collected samples from two soil texture gradients where other variables influencing soil organic C content were held constant. One texture gradient (16-60% clay) was located near Stewart Valley, Saskatchewan, Canada and the other (25-50% clay) near Cygnet, OH. Soils were physically fractionated into coarse- and fine-particulate organic matter (POM), silt- and clay-sized particles within microaggregates, and easily dispersed silt-and clay-sized particles outside of microaggregates. Whole-soil organic C concentration was positively related to silt plus clay content at both sites. We found no relationship between soil texture and unprotected C (coarse- and fine-POM C). Biochemically protected C (nonhydrolyzable C) increased with increasing clay content in whole-soil samples, but the proportion of nonhydrolyzable C within silt- and clay-sized fractions was unchanged. As the amount of silt or clay increased, the amount of C stabilized within easily dispersed and microaggregate-associated silt or clay fractions decreased. Our results suggest that for a given level of C inputs, the relationship between mineral surface area and soil organic matter varies with soil texture for physically and biochemically protected C fractions. Because soil texture acts directly and indirectly on various protection mechanisms, it may not be a universal predictor of whole-soil C content.
Silt
Soil texture
Texture (cosmology)
Soil test
Bulk soil
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The effects of different fertilization modes and levels on the growth and production of maize are studied.On the fertilization ratio(N∶P=1∶1) the 1000-grain weight increases on all levels of fertilization compared with the non-fertilization and increases to the maximum on the middle fertilization level,while it decreases on both the low fertilization and high fertilization levels;while on the fertilization ratio(N∶P=0.5∶1) the production increases with higher fertilization levels and the 1000-grain weight gets to the maximum on the low fertilization level.The diameter,shoot height and number of the leaves increase in the similar pattern on different fertilization modes.The fertilization has significant effects on them compared with the non-fertilization.The three indicators have little changes on the middle and higher levels.The two different fertilization modes have significant difference in the low fertilization level.It can be concluded that in low ratio of N and P the production increases with the fertilization level and the N is the limitting factor.While in the high ratio of N and P the production increases at first and decreases,the P becomes the limiting factor.To get high production the fertilization levels should be on the middle level on two different fertilization modes from the economic prospect.The study is to provide theoretical guidance for the proper fertilization of the maize in Three Gorges Region.
Three gorges
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