Complex dynamics of skin sympathetic nerve activities provides mechanistic insights into critical-illness and are prognostic predictors
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Sympathetic nerve
Dynamics
Sympathetic nervous system
The metabolic support of critically ill patients is a relatively new topic of active research and discussion, and surprisingly little is known about the effects of critical illness on metabolic physiology and activity. The metabolic changes seen in critical illness are highly complex, and how and when to treat them are only just beginning to be determined. Studies have demonstrated that the acute phase and the later phase of critical illness behave differently from a metabolic point of view for many organs, and while many of the alterations in metabolism seen during early critical illness may be appropriate and beneficial responses to cellular stress, whether this is true for all the metabolic alterations in all forms of critical illness is unclear. Currently we face more questions than answers, and further study is needed to elucidate the various components of the metabolic response to acute and chronic critical illness and to develop better techniques to assess and monitor these changes so that we can determine which therapeutic approaches should be used in what combinations and in which patients.
Acute illness
Metabolic activity
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Sympathetic nervous system
Ventricular Function
Oxidative metabolism
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Several articles have dealt with the importance and mechanisms of the sympathetic nervous system alterations in experimental animal models of hypertension. This review addresses the role of the sympathetic nervous system in the pathophysiology and therapy of human hypertension. We first discuss the strengths and limitations of various techniques for assessing the sympathetic nervous system in humans, with a focus on heart rate, plasma norepinephrine, microneurographic recording of sympathetic nerve traffic, and measurements of radiolabeled norepinephrine spillover. We then examine the evidence supporting the importance of neuroadrenergic factors as promoters and amplifiers of human hypertension. We expand on the role of the sympathetic nervous system in 2 increasingly common forms of secondary hypertension, namely hypertension associated with obesity and with renal disease. With this background, we examine interventions of sympathetic deactivation as a mode of antihypertensive treatment. Particular emphas...
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Pathophysiology of hypertension
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For over a century there have been clinical clues to a relationship between pain and the sympathetic nervous system. Diagnosis of a sympathetic dependent pain (SDP) depends on pain characteristics, altered sensation and relief by sympathetic block. SDP is often accompanied by signs of sympathetic overactivity, and is most commonly seen in the lower limbs. Chemical sympathectomy is the treatment of choice.
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Sympathetic nerve activity is altered and is a prognostic factor for many cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension, coronary syndromes, and congestive heart failure. Therefore, the selection of vasoactive drugs for the treatment of these diseases should also take into consideration their effects on the sympathetic nervous system.
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Studies using a sensitive radioenzymatic assay for plasma noradrenaline suggest there is a selective overactivity of the sympathetic nervous system in essential hypertension. Methodology which allows the study of local sympathetic turnover in CNS nuclei and peripheral blood vessels is described. This approach has been used to study the non-innervated sympathetic turnover phaeochromocytoma. It is suggested that studies of local regulatory mechanism in neurotransmitter release are required to give a greater understanding of the central and peripheral role of the sympathetic nervous system in the pathogenesis of hypertension.
Pathogenesis
Sympathetic nervous system
Neurotransmitter Systems
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Department of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China The authors have disclosed that their institutions received grant support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81270478).
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In the paper paradoxes underlying thermodynamics and a quantum mechanics are discussed. Their solution is given from the point of view of influence of the exterior observer (surrounding medium) destroying correlations of system, or boundedness of self-knowledge of system in a case when both the observer, and a surrounding medium are included in system. Concepts Real Dynamics, Ideal Dynamics and Unpredictable Dynamics are entered. Consideration an appearance of a life is given from the point of view of these three Dynamics.
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Mauthner cell
Biological neural network
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Sympathetic nervous system
Plasma renin activity
Sympathetic nerve
Medulla
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