Climate change and water scarcity effects on the rural income distribution in the Mediterranean
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Nepal's geographical landscape of plains, hills and mountains exposes it to severe climatic conditions. Out of the three regions, the plain, also called Terai, has the greatest risk of flooding, especially during the monsoon season when heavy precipitation coincides with snow and glacier melting from the mountains and hills. In recent years, greater water availability has increased the frequency of flooding, destroying farms, livestock, and infrastructure, hence, reducing agricultural productivity and disrupting economic activities. Considering Nepal's richness in water resources, its propensity to flood, the percentage of poor people living in the flood prone region, and their dependency on natural resources, this study seeks to examine the ability of the poor to adapt to climatic change. This study also explores the adaptive capacity of communities in the Koshi Tappu area, by examining whether or not they have the required capital assets (human, social, natural, physical, and financial capital) to remain resilient in the face of continues climate events impacts.
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Flash flood
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Irrigated agricultural landscapes generate a valuable set of
ecosystem services, which are threatened by water scarcity in many aridand semi‐arid regions of the world. In the Mediterranean region, climate change is expected to decrease water availability through reduced precipitation and more frequent drought spells. At the same time, climate
change, demographic and economic development and an agricultural sector highly dependent on irrigation, will raise water demand, increasing experienced water scarcity
and affecting the provision of ecosystem services from water
resources and agro-ecosystems. In this context, policy makers face the challenge of balancing the provision of different ecosystem services, including agricultural income
and production and also water ecosystem protection.
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Food Prices
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Climate change (CC) and its impacts on the socio-economy and the development of communities has become an issue causing very special concern. The rise in global temperatures, in sea levels, extreme weather phenomena, and salinization have occurred more and more and have directly influenced the livelihoods of rural households in the Red River Delta – one of the two regions projected to suffer strongly from climate change in Vietnam. For farming households in this region, the major and traditional livelihoods are based on main production materials as agricultural land, or aquacultural water surface Changes in the land use of rural households in the Red River Delta during recent times was influenced strongly by the Renovation policy in agriculture as well as the process of industrialization and modernization in the country. Climate change over the past 5 years (2005-2011) has started influencing household land use with the concrete manifestations being the reduction of the area cultivated and the changing of the purpose of land use.
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Overexploitation
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Climate and environmental change are critical factors affecting water resources, irrigation and farming systems in Ethiopia as most of the population and the country's economy depend on agriculture. The aim of this study was to investigate farmers' perceptions of climate and environmental change and impacts of those changes on their farming systems, water resources, and irrigation. The study used a semi-structured questionnaire to interview a total of 201 rural households from nine different villages in Awash River Basin (ARB), Ethiopia. The data collected was analysed by descriptive statistics, quantitative data analysis and multinominal logistic regression using the Statistical Package for Social Scientists (SPSS) software. About 80, 97 and 98% of the respondents perceived the occurrence of climate variability in the Upper, Middle and Lower ARBs, respectively. Between 68 and 80% of the respondents noted that they had observed variable rainfall (either an increase or a decrease) during different seasons of the year. More than 70% of the respondents also confirmed that there was temperature change in their areas. The high awareness of climate change and environmental variability by farmers in the ARB may help decision and policymakers in establishing participatory climate adaptation and mitigation strategies.
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