The Biogeochemistry of Marine Polysaccharides: Sources, Inventories, and Bacterial Drivers of the Carbohydrate Cycle
Carol ArnostiMatthias WietzThorsten BrinkhoffJan‐Hendrik HehemannDavid ProbandtLaura ZeugnerRudolf Amann
151
Citation
147
Reference
10
Related Paper
Citation Trend
Abstract:
Polysaccharides are major components of macroalgal and phytoplankton biomass and constitute a large fraction of the organic matter produced and degraded in the ocean. Until recently, however, our knowledge of marine polysaccharides was limited due to their great structural complexity, the correspondingly complicated enzymatic machinery used by microbial communities to degrade them, and a lack of readily applied means to isolate andcharacterize polysaccharides in detail. Advances in carbohydrate chemistry, bioinformatics, molecular ecology, and microbiology have led to new insights into the structures of polysaccharides, the means by which they are degraded by bacteria, and the ecology of polysaccharide production and decomposition. Here, we survey current knowledge, discuss recent advances, and present a new conceptual model linking polysaccharide structural complexity and abundance to microbially driven mechanisms of polysaccharide processing. We conclude by highlighting specific future research foci that will shed light on this central but poorly characterized component of the marine carbon cycle.Keywords:
Biogeochemistry
Primary producers
Biogeochemistry
Biogeochemical Cycle
Carbon fibers
Cite
Citations (6)
From an extensive study, we determined that heterotrophic bacterial production (HBP) variance in Sierra Nevada (Spain) lakes was explained mainly by excretion of organic carbon by algae (EOC), underlining a bacterial dependence on algal carbon. Subsequently, we studied how the interaction among global change factors such as ultraviolet radiation (UVR), nutrient inputs, and increased temperature affected this phytoplankton-bacteria coupling through in situ factorial experiments in two model high-mountain lakes, La Caldera, and Las Yeguas. Bacterioplankton were more sensitive than phytoplankton because the joint action of increased temperature and nutrient-addition unmasked an inhibitory UVR effect on HBP while reducing the inhibitory UVR effect on primary production (PP) (in La Caldera) or augmenting the net PP values (in Las Yeguas). The interaction among the three factors had a different effect on phytoplankton-bacteria coupling depending on the lake. Thus, in the colder lake (La Caldera), EOC was not adequate to meet the bacterial carbon demand (BCD), leading to a mismatch in phytoplankton-bacteria coupling. Contrarily, in the warmer lake (Las Yeguas), the phytoplankton-bacteria coupling was accentuated by the interaction among the three factors, with EOC exceeding BCD. These contrasting responses of phytoplankton-bacteria coupling may affect the microbial loop development, becoming reinforced in warmer and less UVR-transparent high-mountain lakes, but weakened in colder and more UVR-transparent high-mountain lakes, with implications in the C-flux of these sentinel ecosystems in a scenario of global change.
Bacterioplankton
Primary producers
Cite
Citations (25)
Preface -- Chapter 1. General Chemical Concepts -- Chapter 2. Soil Biogeochemistry -- Chapter 3. Microbial Biogeochemistry -- Chapter 4. Plant Biogeochemistry -- Chapter 5. Cycling of Organic Matter -- Chapter 6. Atmospheric Deposition -- Chapter 7. Mineral Weathering -- Chapter 8. Watershed Hydrology -- Chapter 9. Aqueous Chemistry -- Chapter 10. Integrated Element Cycling -- Chapter 11. Biogeochemical Modeling -- Chapter 12. Ecosystem Disturbance and Stress -- Epilogue -- Problem Sets in Biogeochemistry -- Problem set answers -- Glossary -- Index.
Biogeochemistry
Biogeochemical Cycle
Cycling
Nutrient cycle
Cite
Citations (14)
Atmospheric Transport of Metals. The Marine Biogeochemistry of Iron. Speciation and Bioavailability of Trace Metals in Freshwater Environments. Bioavailability and Biogeochemistry of Metals in the Terrestrial Environment. Heavy Metal Uptake by Plants and Cyanobacteria. Arsenic in Groundwater. Anthropogenic Impacts on the Biogeochemistry and Cycling of Antimony. Microbial Transformations of Radionuclides: Fundamental Mechanisms and Biogeochemical Implications. Biogeochemistry of Carbonates: Recorders of Past Oceans and Climate
Biogeochemistry
Biogeochemical Cycle
Chemical oceanography
Cite
Citations (72)
Primary producers
Nutrient cycle
Microbial loop
Cite
Citations (97)
Biogeochemistry
Biogeochemical Cycle
Blueprint
Carbon fibers
Atmospheric carbon cycle
Carbon flux
Cite
Citations (9)
The relationship between dissolved organic matter and phytoplankton function has either a positive or a negative effect on primary productivity and phytoplankton growth. Sontecomapan is a coastal lagoon located at the south of Veracruz, Mexico, which is bordered by a mangrove forest where Rhizophora mangle is the dominant species. In the lagoon, the concentrations of folin phenol active substances (FPAS) are indicative of the high input of plant organic matter. Because of the different effects that organic matter can have on phytoplankton function, we performed bioassays to determine the effects of mangrove leaf litter extracts on primary productivity and phytoplankton growth within different seasons. The inhibitory and stimulatory effects observed on primary productivity and phytoplankton growth, are indicative that leachate mangrove is made off of a mixture of both, stimulatory and inhibitory substances. Results suggest that phytoplankton species' tolerance to concentrations of FPAS in the extracts is important for the response. Chaetoceros muelleri var subsalsum, Cyclotella cryptica, and C. meneghiniana are sensitive to high concentrations of FPAS while Skeletonema subsalsum was able to tolerate moderate concentrations of FPAS. These responses support the hypothesis that tolerances to organic compounds in natural systems influence the dynamics of phytoplankton communities.
Primary producers
Primary productivity
Rhizophora mangle
Plant litter
Cite
Citations (0)
Photosynthesis is the main process by which new organic matter is synthesized. In many aquatic ecosystems, phytoplankton are the major photosynthetic organisms and are responsible for most of the organic C input. In the tidal-freshwater Hudson, primary production by phytoplankton is maintained at relatively low values by a combination of high turbidity and deep mixing (which lowers light availability), advective losses downstream and consumption by grazers. Limitation by nitrogen or phosphorus, the most common plant limiting nutrients, is not an important regulatory factor in the tidal-freshwater Hudson. Respiration by the phytoplankton themselves is the major fate of phytoplankton-derived organic matter (gross primary production), leaving relatively small amounts available to higher trophic levels. Thus, small increases in grazing pressure could have large impacts on phytoplankton. Phytoplankton biomass and gross primary production were dramatically reduced by the 1992 invasion of the zebra mussel, and phytoplankton have not yet recovered to pre-invasion levels. We estimate that phytoplankton gross primary production was 331 g C m−2 y−1 in the years prior to the zebra mussel invasion and 82 g C m−2 y−1 in the years following. This is from about one-half to one-eighth as large as the input of terrestrial organic C from the watershed.
Primary producers
Detritus
Cite
Citations (27)
Atmospheric Transport of Metals. The Marine Biogeochemistry of Iron. Speciation and Bioavailability of Trace Metals in Freshwater Environments. Bioavailability and Biogeochemistry of Metals in the Terrestrial Environment. Heavy Metal Uptake by Plants and Cyanobacteria. Arsenic in Groundwater. Anthropogenic Impacts on the Biogeochemistry and Cycling of Antimony. Microbial Transformations of Radionuclides: Fundamental Mechanisms and Biogeochemical Implications. Biogeochemistry of Carbonates: Recorders of Past Oceans and Climate
Biogeochemistry
Biogeochemical Cycle
Chemical oceanography
Cite
Citations (18)
Phytoplankton are imperative part of lentic and lotic waters. The primary productivity of phytoplankton provides the base for the aquatic food chains as well as the fish populations. They also generate 70% of the world's oxygen. Therefore, it becomes important that the diversity and dynamics of the phytoplankton be figured out. In connivance with this, a study on the phytoplanktonic populations inhabiting the river Chenab was carried out from 2000 to 2002. Phytoplankton collection during the two years of study in river Chenab and its tributaries recorded 20 species belonging to 3 major groups namely, Chlorophyceae, Bacillariophyceae and Cyanophyceae. On the whole, Chlorophyceae was represented by 11 species (55%), Bacillariophyceae by 7 species (35%) and Cyanophyceae by 2 species (10%). Phytoplankton is algae suspended in the water column and transported by currents. Their biomass and species composition are important in determining rates of primary productivity and food availability to consumer species. Phytoplankton primary production provides the base upon which the aquatic food chains culminating in the natural fish populations are exploited by man are founded, at the same time generating 70% of the world's atmospheric oxygen supply. The relationships between total phytoplankton biomass and changes in abiotic conditions are well established and quite significant as an increased biomass is generally associated with higher rates of production and consumption in the aquatic ecosystem. Phytoplankton could be considered as suitable indicators of water quality in that they are simple, capable of quantifying changes in water quality, applicable over large geographic areas and can also furnish data on background conditions and natural variability. More so micro algal components respond rapidly to perturbations and are suitable bio-indicators of water condition which are beyond the tolerance of many other biota used for monitoring.
Primary producers
Chlorophyceae
River ecosystem
Cite
Citations (1)