Monocyte activation and gut barrier dysfunction in South African youth on antiretroviral therapy and their associations with endothelial dysfunction
Sahera Dirajlal‐FargoJiao YuZainab AlbarAbdus SattarSana MahtabJennifer JaoLandon MyerHeather J. ZarGrace A. McComsey
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There is evidence for endothelial dysfunction in youth living with perinatally acquired HIV (YLPHIV). However, little data exist on its mechanisms. YLPHIV and age-matched HIV-uninfected (HIV-) youth enrolled in the Cape Town Adolescent Antiretroviral Cohort in South Africa between 9 and 14 years of age were included. YLPHIV were on antiretroviral therapy more than 6 months with viral load less than 400 copies/ml at baseline and 24 months. Serum biomarkers of systemic inflammation, monocyte activation, intestinal integrity, and oxidized LDL-cholesterol were measured at baseline and after 24 months. Endothelial function was measured at 24 months using reactive hyperemic index (RHI); endothelial dysfunction was defined as RHI less than 1.35. Spearman correlation coefficient and quantile regression were used to examine associations between RHI and different biomarkers. We included 266 YLPHIV and 69 HIV- participants. At baseline, median (Q1, Q3) age was 12 (11, 13) years and 53% were females. YLPHIV had poorer endothelial function compared with HIV- youth (RHI = 1.36 vs. 1.52, P < 0.01). At baseline and 24 months, YLPHIV had higher markers of monocyte activation (soluble CD14), gut barrier dysfunction (intestinal fatty acid binding protein) and oxidized LDL-cholesterol (P ≤ 0.04) compared with HIV- youth. Among YLPHIV, soluble CD14 remained associated with endothelial dysfunction after adjusting for age, sex, Tanner stage, and antiretroviral therapy duration (β: -0.05, P = 0.01). Despite viral suppression, South African YLPHIV have poor endothelial function and persistent evidence of monocyte activation and gut barrier dysfunction compared with HIV- youth. The long-term clinical significance of gut integrity and monocyte activation needs to be further assessed in YLPHIV.Keywords:
Endothelial Dysfunction
Endothelial Activation
Monocyte
AIM:To observe the effects of extracts of Chinese Nutgalls on the expression of monocyte CD14 induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of Porphyromonas gingivalis(Pg).METHODS:Monocyte obtained by separating human blood cells was stimulated with LPS at the concentration of 25 μg/mL.Flow cytometry (FCM) was used to examine the effect of extracts from Chinese Nutgalls on the expression of monocyte CD14.RESUTLS:After administration with extracts from Chinese Nutgalls,expression of monocyte CD14 significantly decreased from 69.9±2.3% to 45.9%±3.7%.CONCLUSION:Extracts from Chinese Nutgalls can inhibit the expression of monocyte CD14,thus suggesting the anti-inflammatory effect of Chinese Nutgalls to treat and prevent periodontal diseases.
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Human monocytes include CD14++CD16- (classical), CD14++CD16+ (intermediate), and CD14+CD16++ (non-classical) subsets with divergent roles in immune regulation and inflammation. Since the functional characterization of monocyte subsets is most commonly performed using isolated monocytes, we investigated the influence of different monocyte isolation protocols on the relative abundance of monocyte subsets. Using flow cytometric subset characterization directly in whole blood as a reference, we found that monocyte isolation by enrichment of peripheral blood mononuclear cells and subsequent depletion of non-monocytes by magnetic labeling did not alter the distribution of monocyte subsets. Particularly, we failed to detect a loss of CD16+ subsets upon monocyte isolation, although one of the negative depletion protocols used contained an anti-CD16 antibody to label granulocytes. Overnight storage of isolated monocytes induced a significant repartition of monocyte subsets towards CD14++CD16+ intermediate monocytes, which was barely seen in stored whole blood. We identified intermediate monocytes as main binding partners of platelet-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) and propose that residual platelets contained in isolated monocyte preparations release EVs that induce the expression of the IgG receptor FcγRIII (CD16) on monocytes.
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Abstract In this article, we present a flow cytometry assay by which human blood monocyte subpopulations—classical (CD14 ++ CD16 − ), intermediate (CD14 ++ CD16 + ), and nonclassical (CD14 + CD16 ++ ) monocytes—can be determined. Monocytic cells were selected from CD45 + leukocyte subsets by differential staining of the low‐density lipoprotein receptor‐related protein 1 (LRP1), which allows reducing the spill‐over of natural killer cells and granulocytes into the CD16 + monocyte gate. Percentages of monocyte subpopulations established by this procedure were significantly comparable with those obtained by a well‐standardized flow cytometry assay based on the HLA‐DR monocyte‐gating strategy. We also demonstrated that LRP1 is differentially expressed at cell surface of monocyte subpopulations, being significantly lower in nonclassical monocytes than in classical and intermediate monocytes. Cell surface expression of LRP1 accounts for only 20% of the total cellular content in each monocyte subpopulation. Finally, we established the within‐individual biological variation (bCV%) of circulating monocyte subpopulations in healthy donors, obtaining values of 21%, 20%, and 17% for nonclassical, intermediate, and classical monocytes, respectively. Similar values of bCV% for LRP1 measured in each monocyte subpopulation were also obtained, suggesting that its variability is mainly influenced by the intrinsic biological variation of circulating monocytes. Thus, we conclude that LRP1 can be used as a third pan‐monocytic marker together with CD14 and CD16 to properly identify monocyte subpopulations. The combined determination of monocyte subpopulations and LRP1 monocytic expression may be relevant for clinical studies of inflammatory processes, with special interest in atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease. © 2014 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
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Abstract Human monocytes are a heterogeneous cell population, which can be divided into a classical (CD14++CD16−), a non-classical (CD14+CD16+) and an intermediate (CD14++CD16+) subset. We hypothesized that low-grade inflammation may differentially affect monocyte subsets. We used a human lipopolysaccharide (LPS) infusion model to mimic low-grade inflammation to identify, which monocyte subsets are preferentially activated under these conditions. Monocyte subsets were identified by staining for CD14 and CD16, activation status of monocytes was analyzed by staining for CD11b and a novel in situ mRNA hybridization approach to detect IL-6 and IL-8 specific mRNA at the single-cell level by flow cytometry. After LPS challenge, cell numbers of monocyte subsets dropped after 2 h with cell numbers recovering after 6 h. Distribution of monocyte subsets was skewed dramatically towards the intermediate subset after 24 h. Furthermore, intermediate monocytes displayed the largest increase of CD11b expression after 2 h. Finally, IL-6 and IL-8 mRNA levels increased in intermediate and non-classical monocytes after 6 h whereas these mRNA levels in classical monocytes changed only marginally. In conclusion, our data indicates that the main responding subset of monocytes to standardized low-grade inflammation induced by LPS in humans is the CD14++CD16+ intermediate subset followed by the CD14+CD16+ non-classical monocyte subset. Circulating classical monocytes showed comparably less reaction to LPS challenge in vivo .
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To investigate the distribution of peripheral blood monocyte subsets of chronic hepatitis C (CHC) patients and observe the expression of negative regulators T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-3 (Tim-3) and programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) on the monocyte subsets.Flow cytometry was employed to determine the distribution of three monocyte subsets as well as Tim-3 and PD-1 expression on the three monocyte subsets. Their correlations with the clinical parameters were analyzed by Spearman test.Compared with healthy controls, an increased distribution of CD14(+)CD16(+) monocytes, especially CD14(++)CD16(+) monocyte subset, was observed in CHC patients. Tim-3 expression was significantly elevated on CD14(++)CD16(-) and CD14(+)CD16(++) subsets in CHC patients. Obviously increased PD-1 expression was found mainly on CD14(++)CD16(-) and CD14(++)CD16(+) subsets. There were no significant correlations between monocyte subsets, PD-1, Tim-3 and the clinical parameters.The levels Tim-3 and PD-1 are different in three monocyte subsets.
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Objective To investigate the relationship between disease courses and severity and monocyte subsets distribution and surface CD31 intensity in patients of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS). Methods Peripheral blood samples from 29 HFRS patients and 13 normal controls were collected. The dynamic changes of classical monocyte subsets (CD14++CD16-), intermediated monocyte subsets (CD14++CD16+) and non-classical monocyte subsets (CD14+CD16++) and the mean fluorescent intensity (MFI) of CD31 on monocyte subsets were detected by multiple-immunofluorescent staining and flow cytometry. Results In acute phase of HFRS, the ratio of classical monocyte subsets to total monocytes was dramatically decreased compared to convalescent phase and normal control. It was still much lower in convalescent phase compared to normal controls. The ratio of classical monocyte subsets to total monocytes were decreased in HFRS patients compared to that in normal control, whereas there was no difference between severe/critical groups and mild/moderate groups. On the contrary, the ratio of intermediate monocyte subsets to total monocytes in acute phase of HFRS was significantly increased compared to convalescent phase and normal control. The ratio of intermediate monocyte subsets to total monocytes were increased in HFRS patients compared to that in normal control, whereas no difference was found between severe/critical groups and mild/moderate groups. Phases or severity groups had no difference in ratio of non-classical monocyte subsets to total monocytes. Additionally, the ratio of classical monocyte subsets had a tendency to decline and that of intermediate monocyte subsets showed an increase both to total monocytes between the acute and convalescent phases in 11 HFRS patients with paired-samples. Moreover, in acute phase of HFRS, the mean fluorescent intensity (MFI) of CD31 on three monocyte subsets all decreased, specifically classical monocyte subsets showed the highest MFI of CD31 while the normal control reported the highest MFI of CD31 in non-classical monocyte subsets. In convalescent phase, the MFI of CD31 on classical and intermediated monocyte subsets were both lower than that of normal control, while MFI of CD31 was still significantly lower than normal control on non-classical monocyte subsets. Finally, MFI of CD31 on classical and intermediated monocyte subsets in severe/critical group were both lower than those in mild/moderate group, showing no statistical difference in MFI of CD31 on non-classical monocyte subset across groups of different disease severity. Conclusion The ratio of classical and intermediated monocyte subsets to total monocytes are correlated with the course of HFRS, and so are the surface intensity of CD31 on these monocyte subsets with the disease course and severity. The surface intensity of CD31 on non-classical monocyte subsets, however, is correlated only with the course of the disease. Together, the underlying mechanisms for the observed changes in monocyte subsets in HFRS patients should be further investigated.
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Monocytes are key players in atherosclerotic. Human monocytes display a considerable heterogeneity and at least three subsets can be distinguished. While the role of monocyte subset heterogeneity has already been well investigated in coronary artery disease (CAD), the knowledge about monocytes and their heterogeneity in peripheral artery occlusive disease (PAOD) still is limited. Therefore, we aimed to investigate monocyte subset heterogeneity in patients with PAOD. Peripheral blood was obtained from 143 patients suffering from PAOD (Rutherford stage I to VI) and three monocyte subsets were identified by flow cytometry: CD14++CD16- classical monocytes, CD14+CD16++ non-classical monocytes and CD14++CD16+ intermediate monocytes. Additionally the expression of distinct surface markers (CD106, CD162 and myeloperoxidase MPO) was analyzed. Proportions of CD14++CD16+ intermediate monocyte levels were significantly increased in advanced stages of PAOD, while classical and non-classical monocytes displayed no such trend. Moreover, CD162 and MPO expression increased significantly in intermediate monocyte subsets in advanced disease stages. Likewise, increased CD162 and MPO expression was noted in CD14++CD16- classical monocytes. These data suggest substantial dynamics in monocyte subset distributions and phenotypes in different stages of PAOD, which can either serve as biomarkers or as potential therapeutic targets to decrease the inflammatory burden in advanced stages of atherosclerosis.
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To investigate the effects of lanthanum chloride on binding of LPS to monocyte and CD14 expression upregulation induced by LPS, human monocytes were analyzed by flow cytometry (FCM). The results indicated that lanthanum chloride could decrease the binding rate of LPS with monocyte significantly. LPS upregulated the expression of CD14 on monocyte in dose dependant manner, however, lanthanum chloride could inhibit the increase of CD14 expression on monocytes by halves. Cellular & Molecular Immunology.2004; 1(5):392-394.
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Kawasaki disease (KD) is characterized by a disorder of immune response, but its etiology remains unknown. Monocyte is an important member of body's innate immune system, however its role in KD is still elusive due to its ambiguities heterogeneity and complex functions. Here, single-cell RNA-seq was performed to map monocyte subsets and identify the KD specific monocyte subsets. Single-cell RNA-seq was used to transcriptionally profile the circulating monocytes that were separated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells and Seurat R package was used to identify the monocyte subsets. Four monocyte subsets were identified in healthy children, in which three clusters were mainly CD14+CD16- monocytes and one cluster was mainly CD14-CD16+ monocytes. Transcriptional markers of each subset were identified and the four monocyte subsets represent a linear differentiation. Two monocyte subsets specific to KD were identified, including one subset expressing FOLR3, S100A12 and IL1R2 and the other expressing MT-TN specifically. Moreover, KD specific monocyte subsets were mainly classical monocytes that poorly differentiated, and their function mainly involved in neutrophil activation. In conclusions, a relatively comprehensive map of circulating monocyte subsets was plotted for the first time in healthy children. KD specific monocyte subsets and their transcriptional markers were revealed respectively, which will contribute to the confirmation of diagnostic markers and development of a novel therapeutic strategy.
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Background: Kawasaki disease (KD) is characterized by a disorder of immune response, and its etiology remains unknown. Monocyte is an important member of the body’s innate immune system; however its role in KD is still elusive due to its ambiguous heterogeneity and complex functions. We aim to comprehensively delineate monocyte heterogeneity in healthy and KD infants and to reveal the underlying mechanism for KD. Methods: Peripheral monocytes were enriched from peripheral blood samples of two healthy infants and two KD infants. scRNA-seq was performed to acquire the transcriptomic atlas of monocytes. Bio-information analysis was utilized to identify monocyte subsets and explore their functions and differentiation states. SELL+CD14+CD16- monocytes were validated using flow cytometry. Results: Three monocyte subsets were identified in healthy infants, including CD14+CD16- monocytes, CD14+CD16+ monocytes, and CD14 Low CD16+ monocytes. Cell trajectory analysis revealed that the three monocyte subsets represent a linear differentiation, and possess different biological functions. Furthermore, SELL+CD14+CD16- monocytes, which were poorly differentiated and relating to neutrophil activation, were found to be expanded in KD. Conclusion: Our findings provide a valuable resource for deciphering the monocyte heterogeneity in healthy infants and uncover the altered monocyte subsets in KD patients, suggesting potential biomarkers for KD diagnosis and treatment. Keywords: Kawasaki disease, monocyte subsets, scRNA-seq
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