Development of a liquid Xe photon detector for μ→eγ decay search experiment at PSI
S. MiharaT. DokeYoshio KamiyaT. MashimoT. MoriH. NishiguchiW. OotaniS. OritoK. OzoneR. SawadaSatoshi SuzukiG. TejunaK. TerasawaK. YahagiM. T. YamashitaJ. Yashima
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Abstract:
We are developing a new type of photon detector for an experiment searching for muon decays to positron+gamma with a sensitivity of 10/sup -14/ branching ratio by using the world most intense continuous muon beam provided at PSI. In this experiment the photon detector utilizes liquid xenon as a scintillation material because of its fast response, large light output yield, and high density. Scintillation light emitted in liquid Xe is directly observed by photomultipliers (PMTs) located in a liquid without any transmission window in order not to lose light yield. To study the detector response to gamma rays we constructed a prototype with an active volume of 2300 cm/sup 3/ surrounded by 32 PMTs. The PMT was newly developed so as to be operated even in liquid Xe at 165 K. The energy, position, and timing resolution have been evaluated with gamma-ray sources from 320 keV to 1835 keV. The performance of the prototype is presented.Keywords:
Silicon Photomultiplier
Measurements were made of the time spread, pulse response, and other characteristics of the C-70045A 14stage photomultiplier which was developed for high-speed timing applications with scintillation and Cerenkov radiation detection. Rise times and time jitters are given. Some measurements of the scintillation decay time of two plastic scintillators are reported. (D.L.C.)
Particle detector
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We have been studying scintillation properties of He/Xe, such as luminescence spectra, time profile and scintillation yield. Furthermore we have been measuring ionization yields and studying the scintillation mechanism. From the measurements of luminescence spectra, it became clear that the scintillation photons in He/Xe mixture were emitted in the wavelength region of 150-200 nm. The time profiles depend on not only the xenon pressure but also the helium pressure and decay times of scintillation in He/Xe are shorter than decay time of He 2 . Scintillation yields in He/Xe are large as compared with the estimated yields assuming that the energy transfer from helium to xenon does not exist. When the partial pressure of xenon is 0.01 MPa in He/Xe mixture of 1.0 MPa, the scintillation yield is almost equal to that in pure xenon of 1.0 MPa.
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The performance for X-ray spectrometry of Ar-Xe gas proportional scintillation counters using a CsI-coated microstrip plate in direct contact with the scintillation gas as a VUV photosensor is investigated for different argon-xenon mixtures. The GPSC/MSGC hybrid detectors filled with argon-xenon mixtures present superior performance when compared to those with pure argon and pure xenon-fillings. For these mixtures, the signal amplification due to the scintillation processes and the detector energy resolution may achieve values of 15-18 and 11-10%, respectively. Best energy resolutions can be achieved for mixtures with a broad range of xenon concentration, 20 to 70% Xe, being achieved for lower reduced electric fields in the scintillation region as the xenon concentration is reduced. As in pure argon or pure xenon gas-filling, the detector performance is limited by optical positive feedback resulting from additional scintillation produced in the electron avalanche processes around the MSP anodes. Best energy resolutions are achieved for positive feedback gains of about 1.1.
Noble gas
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A stilbene crystal was coupled to a silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) to assess the performance of the detector's pulse shape discrimination (PSD) between fast neutrons and gamma rays. Pulses were digitized from a measurement of Cf-252 and digital charge comparison was used to perform PSD. The stilbene crystal was then coupled to a photomultiplier tube (PMT) and the measurement was repeated. The PSD performance when using the SiPM was compared to that of the system using the PMT. Both systems demonstrate efficient ability to discriminate between neutrons and gamma rays. While PMTs have long been the standard technology for light readout, SiPMs show similar capabilities while being less expensive, significantly more compact in size, significantly less sensitive to magnetic fields, and having lower power requirements. Potential drawbacks of SiPMs include elevated levels of noise and nonlinearity at high energies.
Silicon Photomultiplier
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Abstract The channels ratio method of quench correction has been examined and found to be applicable when a single photomultiplier is used for liquid scintillation counting of carbon‐14 and tritium. The relatively simple equipment is also suitable for assay of doubly labelled compounds provided that quenching is not important.
Liquid Scintillation Counting
Counting efficiency
Carbon-14
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The use of secondary scintillation in xenon vapor to amplify the signals due to a few electrons produced in the liquid is foreseen in two phase liquid xenon detectors for the direct WIMP search. In the present work, the secondary scintillation in xenon vapor and its dependence on the electrical field were studied in a uniform field geometry with an /sup 241/Am alpha-source. The calibration in number of photons was done using the primary scintillation in room temperature gas as a reference.
WIMP
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A scintillation spectrometer making use of a large NaI/TlI crystal mounted on an RCA 5819 photomultiplier tube has been constructed. It was designed for the high efficiency counting of gamma-rays in the energy range 0.5–1.5 Mev. Techniques used for crystal mounting and assembly of apparatus have proved very satisfactory for prolonged operation. Additional components have been provided for automatic recording of data.
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We have studied a possibility to exchange a luminescence origin from helium to xenon by adding a small amount of xenon to helium. Luminescence spectra in the mixture were measured using an X-ray generator and a VUV monochromator. The scintillation yields and time profiles in the mixture were also measured using alpha particles. From the measurements of luminescence spectra, it became clear that the scintillation photons in He/Xe mixture were emitted in the wavelength region of 150-200 nm with a peak around 173 nm. The scintillation yields were measured using a PMT sensitive to photons with wavelength of 115-300 nm. The scintillation yields increases with increasing the ratio of xenon. When the partial pressure of xenon is 0.01 MPa in He/Xe mixture of 1.0 MPa, the scintillation yield is almost equal to that in pure xenon of 1.0 MPa.
Radioluminescence
Noble gas
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We have been studying scintillation mechanism in helium mixed with xenon. In this study, the time profiles and the luminescence spectra of scintillation in the mixture were measured using a PMT sensitive to photons with wavelength of 115-300nm. Scintillation and ionization yields in He/Xe were measured simultaneously. The time profiles and luminescence spectra depend on not only the xenon pressure but also the helium pressure. Scintillation yields in He/Xe are large as compared with the estimated yields assuming that the energy transfer from helium to xenon does not exist.
Noble gas
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The EMI 5311 photomultiplier tube differs from the usual tube in that the electrodes are of the Venetianblind type rather than electron optical lenses. This type of tube has been used as a scintillation counter with trans-stilbene crystals. The shape of the scintillation pulse is characterized by a rise time of 7.2×10−9 sec and a decay time of 1.8×10−8 sec. It is concluded that this type of multiplication structure results in an unusually large spread in the transit time of electrons moving through the structure.
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