Low-carbon hydrocarbon fracturing fluid with fast cross-linking rate based on n-hexane/n-octane: synthesis and properties
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The use of slick-water fracturing fluids has been greatly limited owing to the shortage of water and transportation difficulties in some areas. Serious formation damage occurred in the shale gas reservoirs with low porosity and permeability during the slick-water fracturing with large amounts of water. A fast cross-linking waterless fracturing fluid using the n-hexane/n-octane low-carbon hydrocarbons was prepared in this work. Firstly, a polyphosphate intermediate was synthesized by triethyl phosphate reacting with phosphorus pentoxide, which then reacted with a mixed alcohol of n-butanol, n-octanol, and dodecanol to get the dialkyl phosphate (named as gelling agent). Ferric sulfate, ethylene glycol, sodium citrate, sodium edetate were used to prepare a composite iron-based cross linker with an excellent gelation time and gelation performance, which was composed of 30% ferric sulfate, 10% glycol, 11% trisodium citrate, 9% sodium edetate, and 30% deionized water. By optimizing the ratio of gelling agent to cross linker and the content of gelling agent, an anhydrous fracturing fluid formulation based on n-hexane/n-octane was prepared: n-hexane/n-octyl (mass percent 100%) + gelling agent (1.6%-1.8%)+cross linker (0.6%-0.8%) + gel breaker (0.6%-1.0%).The n-hexane and n-octane fracturing fluids can be used in the formation temperature of 60°C, and 100°C, and the viscosity for the fracturing fluid was 178 and 230 mPa.s under the shear rate of 170 s−1 and shear time for 90 min. The sedimentation velocity of a single ceramsite was 0.2780 cm/min, and the sedimentation velocity of the mixed ceramsite was 0.0022 cm/min, which fully satisfied the fracturing suspension performance. The crushing time of n-hexane and n-octane fracturing fluid was controllable (5–10 h), and the gel breaking effect was excellent (less than 2 mpa.s).Keywords:
Fracturing fluid
Hexane
Anhydrous
Abstract The article deals with the problems retarded to preparing the single crystals of anhydrous sulphates of the iron‐metal group. The article provides a comprehensive review on up to date recent knowledge on the chemical and physical properties of these sulphates and, in addition, it describes some methods of preparing their anhydrous form. Also inform about the experiments of single crystal growth. It exhibits the facility of the solution of this problem, that is still under investigation.
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Very stable dicalcium phosphate(DCP) against NaF was prepared by heat treatment at 200°C with adding Mg compound and condensed phosphate to DCP anhydrous. The crystal form and surface morphology of the improved DCP anhydrous were compared to that of standard DCP anhydrous. These characteristics were the same as those of standard DCP anhydrous. Although our surface modification technology was considered to keep the original characteristics of standard DCP anhydrous, even the crushed sample by an agate mortar showed a sufficient stability against NaF.
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Anhydrous ammonia for field crops: an evaluation of anhydrous ammonia as a nitrogen supply for cotton, corn, rice & wheat , Anhydrous ammonia for field crops: an evaluation of anhydrous ammonia as a nitrogen supply for cotto... , مرکز فناوری اطلاعات و اطلاع رسانی کشاورزی
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Abstract Some important precursors (1,6‐anhydrous‐2‐deoxy‐2‐azido‐ β‐D ‐glucopyranose ( 3) , 1,6‐anhydrous‐2‐deoxy‐2‐ azido‐3,4‐di‐ O ‐benzyl‐ β‐D ‐mannopyranose ( 5 ), 1,6:2,3‐dianhydrous ‐ β‐D ‐glucopyranose ( 6 ), 1,6‐anhydrous‐3‐deoxy‐3‐azido‐ β‐D ‐glucopyranose ( 10 ) and 1,6‐anhydrous‐2,4‐di‐ O ‐benzoyl‐ β‐D ‐glucopyranose ( 11 )) for complex oligosaccharide synthesis were readily prepared from a green starting material 1,6‐anhydrous ‐ β‐D ‐glucopyranose in one or two steps with moderate to high yields. These improved methods established herein will greatly facilitate the assembly of some complex oligosaccharides for the biological study.
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The article deals with the problem of preparing single crystals of anhydrous sulphates of amphoteric metals lead and tin. It gives a comprehensive review on up to date recent knowledge on the chemical and physical properties of these sulphates and, in addition, it describes some methods of preparing their pure anhydrous form. It also informs about the experiments of single crystal growth. It draws attention to several possibilities of the solution of this problem, which is still not satisfactorily solved.
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To compare the effects of different solvents on the determination of water in erythromycin and explain why anhydrous methanol solvent makes the experiment result higher, Karl Fisher method is used to determine the water in erythromycin , with anhydrous methanol as solvent or anhydrous pyridine . And the result is compared with that of Weightlessness method. It turns out that experiment result with anhydrous pyridine as solvent is closer to weightlessness method. So it is better to determine the water in erythromycin with anhydrous pyridine solvent.
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A three-dimensional microporous metal-organic framework Zn(BDC)(Dabco)0.5 (BDC = 1,4-benzenedicarboxylate, Dabco = 1,4-diazabicyclo [2,2,2]octane), having two types of intersecting pores to encapsulate linear hexane and to block branched hexanes, and thus exhibiting highly selective sorption with respect to n-hexane, has been successfully applied to the kinetic separation of hexane isomers by fixed-bed adsorption.
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