Modification methods toward the production of porous starch: a review
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Abstract:
Starch is a complex carbohydrate formed by the repeating units of glucose structure connected by the alpha-glycosidic linkages. Starch is classified according to their derivatives such as cereals, legumes, tubers, palms, fruits, and stems. For decades, native starch has been widely utilized in various applications such as a thickener, stabilizer, binder, and coating agent. However, starches need to be modified to enhance their properties and to make them more functional in a wide range of applications. Porous starch is a modified starch product which has attracted interest of late. It consists of abundant pores that are distributed on the granule surface without compromising the integrity of its granular structure. Porous starch can be produced either by enzymatic, chemical, and physical methods or a combination thereof. The type of starch and selection of the modification method highly influence the formation of pore structure. By carefully choosing a suitable starch and modification method, the desired morphology of porous starch can be produced and applied accordingly for its intended application. Innovations and technologies related to starch modification methods have evolved over the years in terms of the structure, properties and modification effects of different starch varieties. Therefore, this article reviews recent modification methods in developing porous starch from various origins.Keywords:
Modified starch
Granule (geology)
Glycosidic bond
Surface Modification
Chemical modification
Abstract Pristine multiwall carbon nanotubes [MWCNTs] have been functionalized with various groups (-COOH, -SO 3 H, -PO 3 H 2 ) using different single- and double-step chemical routes. Various chemical treatments were given to MWCNTs using hydrochloric, nitric, phosphoric, and sulphuric acids, followed by a microwave treatment. The effect of the various chemical treatments and the dispersion using a surfactant via ultrasonication on the functionalization of MWCNTs has been studied. The results obtained have been compared with pristine MWCNTs. Scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray [EDX] spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy confirm the dispersion and functionalization of MWCNTs. Their extent of functionalization with -SO 3 H and -PO 3 H 2 groups from the EDX spectra has been observed to be higher for the samples functionalized with a double-step chemical route and a single-step chemical route, respectively. The I D / I G ratio calculated from Raman data shows a maximum defect concentration for the sample functionalized with the single-step chemical treatment using nitric acid. The dispersion of MWCNTs with the surfactant, Triton X-100, via ultrasonication helps in their unbundling, but the extent of functionalization mainly depends on the chemical route followed for their treatment. The functionalized carbon nanotubes can be used in proton conducting membranes for fuel cells.
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Sonication
Nitric acid
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Chemical modification
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In the light of current problems in preparation and application of superfine powder,new methods of surface modification such as coating modification,chemical modification,mechanochemical modification,micro encapsulation modification,high energy modification,precipitation modification etc,are introduced.Common modification equipments and modification agents for the surface modification of superfine powder are introduced and their development trends are also pointed out.The influential factors of surface modification are discussed and the prospects of surface modification technology are forecasted.
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Weather modification
Lifestyle modification
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The process of surface modification of the aluminum powder is very important in the production of functional aluminum powder. According to the means and the functions of modification, the main methods of surface modification including mechanochemical modification, oxidation modification, surface chemical modification, encapsulation modification, coating modification and deposition modification were described.
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Powder coating
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Structural and behavioral properties of modified starch by chemical means such as acidification, acetylation, hydroxypropylation, cross-linking/phosphorylation, maleation/succinylation, cationization, amphoterism, and the effect of differential degree of chemical modification of starches in relation to sizing have been reviewed. Since native starch is relatively latent, it requires modification to alter its structure and introduce essential properties. Factors such as concentration, modifying agents, time, pH, and reaction medium affect the extent of starch modification. The degree of chemical modification (substitution/cross-linking) reflects the level of starch resistance or liability in their applications. The behavior of some modified starch at different DS has specific functionality on the sizing properties of starch. Satisfactorily modified starch size offers good warp yarns that drastically reduce yarn breakages during mechanical operation; hence, increasing productivity. Preference could be made to lower DS/DC of acidified, cross-linked, acetylated, maleated/succinylated, and electro-neutral amphoteric starch for effective sizing while highly hydroxypropylated starch grants good viscosity.
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Chemical functionalization is an effective means of tuning the electronic and crystal structure of a two-dimensional material, but very little is known regarding the correlation between thermal transport and chemical functionalization. Based on the first-principles calculation and an iterative solution of the Boltzmann transport equation, we find that antimonene is a potential excellent thermal material with relatively low thermal conductivity k, and furthermore, chemical functionalization can make this value of k decrease greatly. More interestingly, the origin of the reduction in k is not the anharmonic interaction but the harmonic interaction from the depressed phonon spectrum mechanism, and for some chemical functional atom in halogen, flat modes appearing in the low frequency range play also a key factor in the reduction of k by significantly increasing the three-phonon scattering channels. Our work provides a new view to adjust thermal transport which can benefit thermal material design, and analyzes the reduction mechanism in k from the chemical functionalization of antimonene.
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Crystal (programming language)
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