Antifreeze Protein-Covered Surfaces
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Antifreeze protein
Antifreeze
Frost (temperature)
Ice formation
Icing conditions
Antifreeze protein
Antifreeze
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Characterizing Microscopic Ice Particle Impacts onto a Rigid Surface: Wind Tunnel Setup and Analysis
View Video Presentation: https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2021-2671.vid Ice crystal impacts on aircraft components and their post-impact characteristics like fragment sizes and velocities are important factors influencing ice accretion on heated surfaces. Understanding the fundamental aspects of this process would allow to advance models and simulations of ice crystal icing phenomena on heated air probes or inside aircraft engines. In this study we present an experimental apparatus for icing wind tunnel tests that allows us to close some knowledge gaps about high-speed impacts of ice crystals in the range from tens of micrometers to 1.5 millimeters, which corresponds to the range encountered in natural ice crystal icing. A Python algorithm was developed to semi-automatically analyze large numbers of impact videos and thus improve the statistical significance of the results. The limitations of the setup and the consistency of the results will be discussed.
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40 1.07 1.06 0.67 0.60 0.17 20 0.71 0.54 0.33 0.60 0.13 10 0.56 0.51 0.32 0.26 0.08 5 0.52 0.39 0.31 0.17 0.08 2.5 0.32 0.16 0.14 0.14 0.06 1.25 0.19 0.09 0.11 0.11 0.04 0.63 0.07 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.03 Five structurally different types of antifreeze proteins (AFPs) have been found in fish: the antifreeze glycoproteins and four protein types, I, II, III and IV. 1-4 AFPs have in common the ability to lower the freezing point of blood serum, thus allowing fish to survive in subzero ocean temperatures. The type I AFPs, present in the blood of winter flounder, yellowtail flounder, Alaskan plaice and the shorthorn and grubby sculpin are the most widely studied class of fish AFPs. 1 The most well-studied type I AFP is AFP37 isolated from the winter flounder, Pseudopleuronectes americanus. AFP 37 has 37 amino acids arranged in three complete 11-residue repeats Thr-X2-Asx-X7, where Asx is Asp or Asn, and X is generally Ala or another amino acid that favors α-helix formation. 5 NMR study revealed that AFP 37 adopts an α-helical structure with cap structure at the carboxy termini. 6 Analysis of the X-ray structure and ice-binding properties led to the hypothesis that AFP 37 binds to a specific plane of ice through hydrogen bonds from the threonyl hydroxyl (Thr-2, Thr-13, Thr-24, and Thr-35). 7,8 Furthermore, the mutation of the Thr residues to Ser, Val, Ala and allo-Thr have indicated that the hydrophobicity provided by the γ-methyl group of Thr, in addition to hydrogen bonding involving other residues, is a key factor related to the ability to inhibit ice growth.
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Abstract The results of experimental research and practical application of anti-icing surface fully show that its performance is greatly affected by temperature. The anti-icing measures of anti-icing surface can be divided into three stages: before icing, during icing and after icing. In these three stages, the influence brought by temperature change is respectively reflected in: the adhesion of water droplets to the surface, the time it takes for ice nucleation, the adhesion of ice to the surface. Surface anti-ice technology has important application in aviation and aerospace field. The surface temperature of aircraft will change greatly when the aircraft is sailing at different altitudes and passing through different climatic environments. If ice accumulates in some parts of the aircraft, even if it is small, it may lead to a decrease in the climbing force of the aircraft and an increase in flight resistance, thus leading to the deterioration of aerodynamic performance such as the maneuverability and stability of the aircraft. Studying the influence of these temperature changes on the anti-icing performance of aircraft surface can avoid the air disaster caused by surface icing. Starting from these three stages, this paper analyzes the influence of temperature on material surface and the liquid itself successively in these three stages, so as to further explore the influence of temperature on ice suppression performance.
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Ice formation
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The development of anti-icing robust surfaces is a hot topic nowadays and particularly crucial in the aeronautics or wind energy sectors as ice accretion can compromise safety and power generation efficiency. However, the current performance of most anti-icing strategies has been proven insufficient for such demanding applications, particularly in large unprotected zones, which located downstream from thermally protected areas, may undergo secondary icing. Herein, a new testing methodology is proposed to evaluate accretion mechanisms and secondary icing phenomena through, respectively, direct impact and running-wet processes and systematically applied to anti-icing materials including commercial solutions and the latest trends in the state-of-the-art. Five categories of materials (hard, elastomeric, polymeric matrix, SLIPS and superhydrophobic) with up to fifteen formulations have been tested. This Round-Robin approach provides a deeper understanding of anti-icing mechanisms revealing the strengths and weaknesses of each material. The conclusion is that there is no single passive solution for anti-ice protection. Thus, to effectively protect a given real component, different tailored materials fitted for each particular zone of the system are required. For this selection, shape analysis of such a component and the impact characteristics of water droplets under real conditions are needed as schematically illustrated for aeronautic turbines.
Icing conditions
Ice formation
Component (thermodynamics)
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Antifreeze protein
Antifreeze
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Icing conditions
Ice formation
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A typically α-helical antifreeze protein (wflAFP-6) from winter flounder, Pseudopleuronectes americanus, forms amyloid fibrils during freezing. In this study, the effects of distinct components of the freezing process were examined. Freezing of wflAFP-6 in the presence of template ice was shown to be necessary for rapid conversion to an amyloid conformation. Neither subfreezing temperature nor phase change was sufficient. Thus, specific interaction with the ice surface was essential. The ice-induced formation of amyloid appeared to be unique to this helical antifreeze, it required high concentrations of protein and it occurred over a range of pH values. These results define a method for rapid formation of amyloid by wflAFP-6 on demand under physiological conditions.
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Antifreeze protein
Antifreeze
Ice formation
Amyloid (mycology)
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We designed 12-amino acid peptides as antifreeze protein (AFP) mimetics and tuned the antifreeze activity of the peptides by their structures. Moreover, these short peptides were first immobilized to surfaces as an anti-icing coating. We discovered that the peptides with higher antifreeze activity exhibited better anti-icing performance. It is the first time that short peptides were successfully applied to fabricate anti-icing surfaces, which is certainly advantageous in comparison to the AFP anti-icing coatings previously reported.
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