HCV prevalence and incidence estimates in Chinese blood donors
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Background and Objectives: Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) remains the most common cause of transfusionrelated hepatitis in the world. Despite the accurate screening methods introduced after the discovery of the virus about two decades ago, blood and blood products transfusion remains an important source of HCV infection in Jordan. The worldwide prevalence of HCV among blood donors is variable, ranging between 0.17 and 20%. The main objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of positive serology for HCV among blood donors in the population of Northern Jordan. The prevalence of different HCV genotypes among positive serology individuals was a secondary objective of the study. Study Population and Methods: From January 2004 till June 2006, a total of 14,236 individuals (13666 males and 570 females) donated blood at King Abdullah University Hospital. A third-generation Enzyme- Linked Immuno-Sorbent Assay (ELISA) test system using the commercial Diasorin kit, ETIAB-HCVK- 4(N0146, N0147) which was used to screen all donors for antibodies to HCV. The test was performed strictly as per the manufacturer's instructions. Data were collected from the blood bank database. Samples of HCV positive serology and detectable HCV RNA were submitted to genotyping using Real Time PCR. (MX 4000) method. Results: A total of 29 blood donors (27 males, 2 females) were tested positive for anti-HCV antibodies, with an overall prevalence of 0.20%. The seroprevalence in females was approximately the double of that of males (0.35% vs 0.19%). The most prevalent HCV genotype was type 4. Conclusion: This study indicates that the prevalence of HCV among blood donors in the North of Jordan is lower than that in other regions of the country. Overall, our national prevalence of HCV among healthy blood donors (0.2%-0.79%) is concordant with the results of epidemiological studies from the Western World (0.17-0.1.5%). The most prevalent HCV genotype in this cohort of individuals was genotype 4.
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The prevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in Taiwan was approximately 4% a decade ago, much higher than the worldwide average. This study aimed to assess the HCV burden among 4 million voluntary blood donors after 2 decades of prevention and treatment policies. We retrieved screening results for anti‐HCV and HCV RNA from the Database for Evaluating Voluntary Taiwanese Eligible Donors. First‐time blood donors who donated blood after 1999 and repeat donors who donated blood more than once between 2013 and 2017 were included to estimate HCV prevalence and incidence, respectively. The Cox proportional hazards model was used to estimate hazard ratios. Geographic variation in HCV prevalence and incidence in 364 townships was also analyzed. The prevalence study included 3,656,598 first‐time donors. The overall crude prevalence of anti‐HCV decreased from 15.5 to 4.5 per 1,000 donors between 1999 and 2017. Younger birth cohorts had a significantly lower prevalence of anti‐HCV. The majority of townships (64.3%) in Taiwan showed a significantly decreased prevalence. The incidence study included 1,393,014 repeat donors followed for 3,436,607 person‐years. Ninety‐eight donors seroconverted to HCV RNA positivity, resulting in an HCV incidence of 2.9 per 100,000 person‐years. Donors living in townships where HCV RNA prevalence was greater than 2 per 1,000 had at least 2.5‐fold greater risk of new HCV infection. Conclusion: HCV prevalence in Taiwanese first‐time blood donors decreased by 71% in the last 2 decades. However, townships with higher HCV prevalence also showed higher HCV incidence and require more active intervention.
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Collecting blood from voluntary non-remunerated blood donors from low risk populations is a key strategy for blood safety. Identifying such populations involves analysis of population and blood donor data to identify risk factors for transfusion transmissible infections (TTIs). There are no recent seroprevalence statistics for blood donors in Malawi. This study fills this gap by describing characteristics of blood donors, trend of annual prevalence of HIV, HBV, HCV and syphilis and factors associated with each TTI.Retrospective analysis of blood donors' records in the MBTS database from 2011 to 2015 was undertaken. Summary statistics were performed to describe characteristics of the blood donors. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to determine association between prevalence of infections and socio-demographic factors. Time trend analysis was done to assess changes in prevalence. P-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant.The number of blood donors screened over the 5 year period was 125,893. The mean number of donors donating blood per year was 39, 289; median age was 19 years; 82% were male, 87% single and 72% students and56% were repeat blood donors. Overall prevalence of each TTI decreased. The 2015 prevalence was: 3.6% for HBV; 1.9% for HIV; 2.6% for Syphilis and 1.0% for HCV while the 2011 prevalence was 4.7% for HBV; 3.5% for HIV 3.2% for syphilis and 2.4% for HCV.Repeat blood donors had significantly lower prevalence of TTIs than first time donors. Females were associated with lower risk for HBV, HCV and syphilis. Age ≥25 years and being out of school were associated with HIV. Age ≥25 years was associated with reduced risk for HCV and being self-employed and married were each associated with syphilis.The typical blood donor is a young single male student. Repeat blood donation improves safety of the blood supply.
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The nationwide epidemiological research of transfusion-transmitted diseases is relevant since the information provided by blood banks makes possible the knowledge of the distribution and seroprevalence of diseases, it also allows the indirect verification of the effectiveness of vaccination programs. To determinate the national seroprevalence of Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) and Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) in Mexican blood donors in the blood banks registered at the Ministry of Health (SSA) in a 13 year period. Analysis of the monthly reports of blood banks (n = 555) sent to the National Center of Blood Transfusion (NCBT) and case detection of donors with HBV and HCV positive results (doubly reactive). Additionally, prevalence estimation for each serological marker was performed for the last year (2012) for each state. A total of 19,096,294 and 18,617,288 monthly reports with results of serological tests for HBV and HCV were respectively found in a period of 13 years (2000–2012). A decrease of 5375 (prevalence = 0.47) to 2675 (prevalence = 0.15) HBV seropositive cases was observed. The serologic marker for HCV showed an increase of 8170 (prevalence = 0.69) to 10,217 (prevalence = 0.57) seropositive cases. A higher prevalence was identified for both viruses in the adjacent states of the north border of the countries northern border in the latest report (compared to the national average). A decrease in HBV prevalence to 0.15 in the 13 years period was observed, but the prevalence for HCV marker showed an increase to 0.57, this indicates that HCV remains a potential transfusion transmissible pathogen that needs effective and opportune treatment. La investigación epidemiológica a nivel nacional de las enfermedades transmitidas por transfusión sanguínea tiene gran importancia, debido a que a través de los bancos de sangre es posible conocer la distribución y seroprevalencia de estas enfermedades, así como verificar de forma indirecta la eficacia de los programas de vacunación. Determinar la prevalencia durante 13 años a nivel nacional, de los marcadores serológicos de los virus de hepatitis B (VHB) y hepatitis C (VHC) en donantes de sangre mexicanos en los bancos de sangre registrados ante la Secretaría de Salud (SSA). Análisis de los informes mensuales de los bancos de sangre (n = 555) y búsqueda de los casos de donantes con resultado positivo (doblemente reactivos) al VHB y VHC enviados al Centro Nacional de la Transfusión Sanguínea (CNTS) y cálculo de prevalencias para cada marcador serológico. Además, se realizaron estimaciones de prevalencias para cada marcador serológico para el año 2012 por entidad federativa. Un total de 19,096,294 y 18,617,288 informes mensuales con resultados de pruebas serológicas del VHB y VHC fueron obtenidos respectivamente durante 13 años (2000-2012). Un descenso de 5,375 (prevalencia = 0.47) a 2,675 (prevalencia = 0.15) casos seropositivos al VHB fue observado. El marcador serológico del VHC presentó un aumento de 8,170 (prevalencia = 0.69) a 10,217 (prevalencia = 0.57) casos seropositivos. En el último reporte (2012), los estados de la frontera norte presentaron la mayor prevalencia a ambos virus (comparado con la media nacional). Se observó disminución hasta 0.15 en la prevalencia frente al VHB durante los 13 años analizados y la prevalencia para el marcador del VHC presentó un incremento hasta 0.57. El aumento de la prevalencia del VHC indica que sigue siendo un potencial patógeno transmisible por transfusión y necesita tratamiento oportuno y eficaz.
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Objective To study the epidemiologic features of hepatitis C virus(HCV)infection among voluntary blood donors in Guangzhou,China from 2009to 2011.Methods A retrospective study was conducted on1 407voluntary blood donors with HCV positive from 2009to 2011at the Guangzhou Blood Center of China.Donated blood samples were screened for HCV antibodies using two enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays(ELISA).HCV genotypes were determined for 765randomly selected HCV RNA positive blood samples and further epidemiologic analysis was performed.Results Of all voluntary blood donors,the HCV infection was0.17%,0.21% and 0.19% for year 2009,2010and 2011,respectively,with a significant higher rate in2010than in 2009(χ2=9.774,P=0.008).A higher infection rate was observed in donors under the age of20in 2011compared to that in 2009and 2010(χ2=39.041,P=3.33×10-9).HCV infection was higher in the 20-30age group in both years 2010and 2011than that in 2009(χ2=12.678,P=0.002).HCV infection was increased from 2010to 2011among male blood donors(χ2=6.770,P=0.034)and among donors with college educations(χ2=17.736,P=1.408×10-4).HCV 1band 6awere the predominant subtypes in Guangzhou,China.HCV 1baccounted for 43.0%,46.9% and 39.0% of all HCV isolates for years 2009,2010and 2011,while the HCV 6asubtype was detected at 41.0%,29.6%and 39.0%in these 3years,respectively.HCV subtype distribution remained stable during 2009-2011(P=0.153).Conclusions The prevalence of HCV in voluntary blood donors remained relatively low from 2009 to 2011in Guangzhou,China.However,significant rising trends were observed among male blood donors,those under 30years old,and donors with a college education.
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Context: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is one of the major diseases worldwide. Although many screening tests were introduced and utilized for donations, as the main source of HCV transmission, it has still remained a global concern.
Evidence Acquisition: The prevalence of HCV infection among donors in every country and every WHO region was investigated. A Comprehensive electronic systematic search algorithm in the international databases PubMed, ISI, Scopus, and ProQuest were adopted for articles published until October 2016, using the following keywords: (Blood Donors OR OR donor OR donation OR blood OR safety OR bloodborne OR residual risk OR transfusion-transmitted infections) AND (prevalence OR epidemiology) in combination with “hepatitis C” OR “HCV” for hepatitis C. Only cross-sectional studies, which had appropriate measurement and sampling methods, were selected.
Results: The review of the literature showed that the global prevalence of HCV was 854.09 in 100,000. The highest and lowest rates of HCV among WHO divisions were seen in the African region by 2503.61 and the European region by 450.21 in 100,000, respectively. The highest and lowest rates among the countries were seen in Cambodia by 14,670 and Netherlands by 25.370 in 100,000.
Conclusions: It seems that strategies for prevention of HCV infection in donations should be considered for the policymakers; low prevalence countries are suggested to share their knowledge and countries with lower socioeconomic status should be aided to control the HCV infection among their donors.
Kowsar
Hepatitis C
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This study estimates the prevalence of screened infections: human immunodeficiency (HIV), hepatitis B (HBV) virus, hepatitis C (HCV) virus, brucellosis, and syphilis among Mongolian blood donors.This report is based on routine data collected from simple questionnaires completed by a sample of consecutive donors visiting the Blood Center between August 2004 and February 2005.Seropositivity rates were as follows: HIV 0%, HBsAg 8.1% (n=185), anti-HCV 8.7% (n=195), brucellosis 3.3% (n=75), and syphilis 2% (n=44). HBsAg seropositivity was concentrated among young donors less than 20 years of age (P<0.01) while anti-HCV seropositivity tended to increase significantly with age.The prevalence of HBV and HCV among Mongolian donors is very high and appears to be differentially distributed by age. The data suggests further studies are warranted to identify key risk factors for blood-borne infections and to develop population-specific interventions to interrupt transmission.
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