Neural substrates underlying progressive micrographia in Parkinson's disease
Shigenori KannoMayumi ShinoharaKasumi KannoYukihiro GomiMakoto UchiyamaYoshiyuki NishioToru BabaYoshiyuki HosokaiAtsushi TakedaHiroshi FukudaEtsuro MoriKyoko Suzuki
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Abstract Introduction The neural substrates associated with the development of micrographia remain unknown. We aimed to elucidate the neural substrates underlying micrographia in Parkinson's disease (PD) patients. Methods Forty PD patients and 20 healthy controls underwent handwriting tests that involved free writing and copying. We measured the size of each letter and the resting cerebral glucose metabolic rate of the PD patients and another group of age‐ and sex‐matched 14 healthy controls (HCs), who had not participated in the writing tests, using resting‐state 18F‐fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography. Results In the PD patients, the prevalence of consistent micrographia (CM) associated with free writing was 2.5% for both tasks. Alternatively, the prevalence of progressive micrographia (PM) was 15% for free writing and 17.5% for copying. In the PD patients, there was no significant difference in the letter sizes between these tasks, whereas the variability of the letter sizes for copying was significantly different from that for free writing. The means and decrements in letter sizes in either task were not significantly correlated with the severity of brady/hypokinesia in the PD patients. For free writing, the PD patients with PM showed glucose hypometabolism in the anterior part of the right middle cingulate cortex, including the rostral cingulate motor area, compared with those without PM. For copying, the PD patients with PM showed glucose hypometabolism in the right superior occipital gyrus, including V3A, compared with those without PM. Conclusions These findings suggest that PM in free writing in PD patients is caused by the difficulty of monitoring whether the actual handwriting movements are desirable for maintaining letter size during self‐paced handwriting. By contrast, PM in copying in PD patients is evoked by a lack of visual information about the personal handwriting and hand motions that are used as cues for maintaining letter sizes.Keywords:
Copying
Abstract The authors make a distinction between instrumental copying behavior in which there is a clear reward for the copying behavior and social copying (traditions) in which the rewards for copying are less clear. However, I see no reason to distinguish between the two. We are social animals, for whom copying traditions have important rewards, those of affiliation.
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This paper presents a new anti-copying methode for hard copy documents. The approach protects the document and its content from unauthorized copying and forgeries, while using ordinary paper and ordinary printer. The paper copy is protected against copying as the photocopy version will appear differently when compared to the authorized printed original hard copy using Human Visual System. The anti-copying pattern created through pointillism with a halftone cell and a spot. The proposed method is useful for unauthorized copying and forgeries with high-resolution scanners and photocopiers.
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Student `copying' is often considered negatively as thoughts of plagiarism come to mind. Previously, we investigated the ways that instructors expect to use copying and imitation positively in their teaching. In this paper, we follow up that study by focusing on the student perspective and explore the ways in which students see copying and imitating as positive tools in learning to program (both at an introductory level and through more advanced learning of algorithms, etc.). In a qualitative research study, using semi-structured interviews, students were asked about how they use copying positively - their goals when they copy, how they go about it, how they view the experience of copying, and results beyond simply fulfilling their immediate goals. When comparing student results with the previous study, it was noted that there is some level of agreement between instructors and students about how copying can be useful for learning to program. There is also some degree of mismatch between instructor and student views. Students did not report imitating instructors' approaches to learning and sometimes were unsure about whether they were supposed to copy the materials that they were given. This leads to some teaching suggestions in terms of instructors being more explicit in their attitude to this type of `legitimate' copying and imitation.
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I review private copying laws and practices in different jurisdictions, with a particular emphasis on the methodology followed in France to determine rightsholders’ compensation for the private copying of their copyrighted works in different repertoires namely audio, video, still pictures, and printed material. I discuss the economics of copyright compensation in the digital era and offer some comments on particularly important issues met in private copying.
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3D printing technology has great prospects for development， which brings the problem of the transformation copying because it involves the transformation between the text,the plane and the three-dimensional. The transformation copying is a special case of copying, which brings great challenges to originality standards. The main contents of 3D printing involving the transformation copying systems include the copying from text to two-dimensional copying, and coping between two-dimensional and three-dimensional. Depending on the way of conversion and the nature of the original work, the nature of the CAD model, printed matter, and conversion behavior is also different.China put too little emphasis on ransformation copying, so there is no clearly define about the transformation copying in law, and there are also some limitations in the production of the virtual characters、 the architectural works and the works of applied art. Looking to the future,we hope a change and a new plateau to the transformation copying in china legal system, including the transformation copying be clearly defined,and the perfect protection of special objects.
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The digital copying and digital transmission are rapidily Increasing with the innovation of information technology and the development of networking technology. But It Is Inevitable to limit copyright for the public benefit and cultural development In the digital environment in like manner with the analog environment. First, this study examinated the international trends and legulations relating to the copyright limitations In the U.S. and Japan for the fair use. Second, it dealed with the problems of the digital copying relating to the temporary storage In RAM and screen display that are recently becoming international issues. Third, it concretely explored and analyzed the problems according to the application of the fall use of the private copying, the library copying, and the copying for the purpose of school education in the network environment. In conclusion, to solve these problems that Is occurred from legulations In the analog environment Is needed the revision of the existing copyright law in Korea. Finally, this study suggested 'the copyright collecive management system' and 'the private copying levy system' as the systemic devices to control the digital private copying.
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Students' "copying" is often considered negatively. In this paper, we explore the ways in which copying and imitation are used positively by computing instructors in their teaching. We found that instructors expect their students to use these strategies in many different contexts and at many different levels.
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This paper presents a unification procedure which eliminates the redundant copying of structures by using a lazy incremental copying approach to achieve structure sharing. Copying of structures accounts for a considerable amount of the total processing time. Several methods have been proposed to minimize the amount of necessary copying. Lazy Incremental Copying (LIC) is presented as a new solution to the copying problem. It synthesizes ideas of lazy copying with the notion of chronological dereferencing for achieving a high amount of structure sharing.
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Copying is a very common application practices in the country,oil,version,carved basic teaching.However,the design professionals,many teachers believe that copying makes students lose self,loss of individuality,and thus lose the cre-ative passion and ability.If we can have a proper understanding of the copying teaching and given the right to use,will find that copying not only will rapidly enhance the professional skills of the students,but also help them express their creative in-tent,creativity.This paper discusses the role of copying and copying applications in the design of teaching.
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The chapter contributes to the discussion of how linguists can lead communities to adapt successful strategies for maintaining languages. Contact-induced code copying can keep copying varieties strong and thereby contribute to their retention. The framework is the Code-Copying Model. Take-Over copying is in effect when speakers of a primary code (L1) take over copies from a secondary code (L2). Carry-Over copying occurs when speakers of a primary code (L1) carry over copies from this code into their own variety of a secondary code (L2). Both types can strengthen the copying varieties and thereby be felicitous for their maintenance. Copying makes the varieties more viable, e.g. via shared lexical items, shared typological patterns, simplification of grammatical systems. No language has become extinct because of intensive copying. The linguist's responsibility to document and reconstruct a diachronically and typologically coherent body of data may threaten languages when it gets reflected in the communities efforts to purify their language and make a pre-contact state of the language the target of maintenance or revitalization. Such efforts often reduce the chances for language retention. Strong high-copying varieties and weak purified varieties will illustrate this. The motivation to copy is to accommodate the variety to the communicative needs of the speakers. High-copying varieties can be instrumental in the maintenance of less-copying varieties. In language revitalization, the acquisition of a high-copying variety is easier than the acquisition of a purified variety.
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