Role of potential native weeds and grasses for phytoremediation of endocrine-disrupting pollutants discharged from pulp paper industry waste
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Phragmites
Solanum nigrum
Paper mill
Phragmites australis are the typical vegetation in Zha Long National Natural Reserve. From August 10 to August 21st in 2006, we chose 60 quadrats in 15 sample sites, investigated the reed biomass, height, diameter, water nitrogen and phosphorus concentration. The results are as follow: 1) the average biomass of Phragmites australis models is 2858g•m-2 and the biomass between 15 sample sites is from 2029.0 to 4067.4 g•m-2; 2) the moisture content of Phragmites australis is from 42.95% to 64.95%. The average height of Phragmites australis is 272.47cm, and the average diameter of Phragmites australis is 0.51cm; 3) the NP weight ratio in each sample site concentrate from 9.18 to 15.79. Nitrogen is the most important limiting factor in Phragmites australis vegetation growing while phosphorus is not the limiting factor; 4) the Phragmites australis biomass is restricted by many factors especially water depth and water nitrogen concentration. But the phosphorus concentration in water has irrelativeness with Phragmites australis biomass.
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Heavy metals (HMs) have become a major environmental pollutant threatening ecosystems and human health. Although hyperaccumulators provide a viable alternative for the bioremediation of HMs, the potential of phytoremediation is often limited by the small biomass and slow growth rate of hyperaccumulators and HM toxicity to plants. Here, plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB)-assisted phytoremediation was used to enhance the phytoremediation of HM-contaminated soils. A PGPB with HM-tolerant (HMT-PGPB), Bacillus sp. PGP15 was isolated from the rhizosphere of a cadmium (Cd) hyperaccumulator, Solanum nigrum. Pot experiments demonstrated that inoculation with strain PGP15 could significantly increase the growth of S. nigrum. More importantly, strain PGP15 markedly improved Cd accumulation in S. nigrum while alleviating Cd-induced stress in S. nigrum. Specifically, PGP15 inoculation significantly decreased the contents of H2O2, MDA, and O2·- in S. nigrum, while the activities (per gram plant fresh weight) of SOD, APX, and CAT were significantly increased in the PGP15-inoculated plants compared with the control sample. These results suggested that the interactions between strain PGP15 and S. nigrum could overcome the limits of phytoremediation alone and highlighted the promising application potential of the PGPB-hyperaccumulator collaborative pattern in the bioremediation of HM-contaminated soils. Furthermore, the PGP15 genome was sequenced and compared with other strains to explore the mechanisms underlying plant growth promotion by HMT-PGPB. The results showed that core genes that define the fundamental metabolic capabilities of strain PGP15 might not be necessary for plant growth promotion. Meanwhile, PGP15-specific genes, including many transposable elements, played a crucial role in the adaptive evolution of HM resistance. Overall, our results improve the understanding of interactions between HMT-PGPB and plants and facilitate the application of HMT-PGPB in the phytoremediation of HM-contaminated soils.
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The common reed Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin.ex Steud. is a clonal plant which is sensitive to environmental disturbances. In the paper, origin, expansion and decline of Phragmites australis were summarized, and the reasons for expansion and decline were the disturbance of human activity and genotype invasion. In order to better use reed resource, mankind should try his best to reduce the disturbance to reed habitat.
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Phragmites australis are the typical vegetation in Zha Long National Natural Reserve. From August 10th to August 21st in 2006, we chose 60 quadrats in 15 sample sites, investigated the reed biomass, height, diameter, water nitrogen and phosphorus concentration. The results are as follow: 1) the average biomass of Phragmites australis models is 2858g•m-2 and the biomass between 15 sample sites is from 2029.0 to 4067.4 g•m-2; 2) the moisture content of Phragmites australis is from 42.95% to 64.95%. The average height of Phragmites australis is 272.47cm, and the average diameter of Phragmites australis is 0.51cm; 3) the NP weight ratio in each sample site concentrate from 9.18 to 15.79. Nitrogen is the most important limiting factor in Phragmites australis vegetation growing while phosphorus is not the limiting factor; 4) the Phragmites australis biomass is restricted by many factors especially water depth and water nitrogen concentration. But the phosphorus concentration in water has irrelativeness with Phragmites australis biomass.
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Phragmites australis, a plant belonging to poaceae, phragmites genus, had large area distribution in China. Many active constituent are found in their roots, stems, leaves and flowers. The extraction and biological activities of chemical constituent from the reed phragmites australis were reviewed in this paper.
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Санітарні звалища були найпопулярнішими сховищами твердих побутових відходів за останні десятиліття у всьому світі, проте останнім часом політика поводження з відходами головним чином зосереджується на мінімізації та повторному використанні відходів. Спалювання та відновлення енергії відіграють важливу роль у зменшенні відходів та перетворенні енергії. Однак санітарні сміттєзвалища все ще існують і надалі використовуватимуться для утилізації твердих відходів та залишків у багатьох країнах. Переробка фільтратів звалищ, що утворюються в процесі зберігання відходів, та вимоги до їх контролю після рекультивації звалищ є однією з головних інженерних проблем дотримання екологічних вимог. Основне питання стосується того, як вибрати метод обробки фільтрату звалища, який буде відповідати відповідним положенням та з розумною вартістю та складністю операції. Вимивки звалищ характеризуються низькою біологічною здатністю до розкладання, високою концентрацією органічних забруднювачів та біогенних елементів, а також можливі також інші токсичні компоненти, що є результатом процесів розкладання відходів на звалищах твердих побутових відходів. Мета цього дослідження - визначити адсорбційну здатність природної сухої біомаси Phragmites australis (очерет звичайний) та ефективність обробки реальних фільтратів звалища. Звалищні відходи, використані в експериментах, були взяті з реального сміттєзвалища, розташованого на північному заході Болгарії, а використана рослинність була взята з порівняно чистої території. Біомасу багаторазово промиваи дистильованою водою для видалення частинок пилу з її поверхні, потім висушили при кімнатній температурі (20 оС) до постійної маси. Суху біомасу нарізали на невеликі шматочки. Для дослідження рівноваги процесу (адсорбції в статичних умовах) готують розчини з певною початковою концентрацією ХПК. Також проводились порожні дослідження (дистильована вода з адсорбентом), щоб виключити вплив адсорбенту при аналітичному визначенні забруднювача. Після досягнення рівноваги зразки фільтрували і визначали рівноважну концентрацію ХПК у кожній з них. На основі отриманих даних будуються криві рівноваги. Результати обробляли за допомогою моделей Ленгмюра, Фрейндліха та Темкіна. Максимальна досягнута адсорбційна здатність становить qe = 7,39 мг г-1. Ізотермічний метод Ленгмюра II найкраще описує хід експериментальної ізотерми, підтверджуючи коефіцієнт кореляції R2 = 0,9946. Можна також зробити висновок, що ця модель найкраще підходить для опису адсорбційної рівноваги. Висока сорбційна здатність звичайного очерету, його широке поширення в природі та легка попередня обробка визначають його як придатний недорогий біосорбент для очищення стічних вод. Phragmites australis можна успішно використовувати як адсорбент для видалення речовин, що не піддаються біологічному розкладанню.
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The authors report arsenic phytoremediation by the common reed, Phragmites australis (P. australis). The plants for this study were collected from five sampling sites in the Chelpo contaminated area of Khorasan Province in Northeast Iran. P. australis was found to be a hyper‐accumulator plant. Because of the potential for this plant to be used as an agent to remove arsenic from a polluted environment, P. australis has a considerable enrichment factor. Thus, in the P. australis accumulation model following the order of root>rhizome>stem>leaves, the examination of P. australis for the phytoremediation process indicates that this species can cope with arsenic remediation from certain polluted soils.
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avy metals (HMs) have become a major environmental pollutant threatening ecosystems and human health. Although hyperaccumulators provide a viable alternative for the bioremediation of HMs, the potential of phytoremediation is often limited by the small biomass and slow growth rate of hyperaccumulators and HM toxicity to plants. re, plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB)-assisted phytoremediation was used to enhance the phytoremediation of HM-contaminated soils. A PGPB with HM-tolerant (HMT-PGPB), Bacillus sp. PGP15 was isolated from the rhizosphere of a cadmium (Cd) hyperaccumulator, Solanum nigrum . Pot experiments demonstrated that inoculation with strain PGP15 could significantly increase the growth of S. nigrum . More importantly, strain PGP15 markedly improved Cd accumulation in S. nigrum while alleviating Cd-induced stress in S. nigrum . Specifically, PGP15 inoculation significantly decreased the contents of H 2 O 2 , MDA, and O 2 · − in S. nigrum , while the activities (per gram plant fresh weight) of SOD, APX, and CAT were significantly increased in the PGP15-inoculated plants compared with the control sample. These results suggested that the interactions between strain PGP15 and S. nigrum could overcome the limits of phytoremediation alone and highlighted the promising application potential of the PGPB-hyperaccumulator collaborative pattern in the bioremediation of HM-contaminated soils. Furthermore, the PGP15 genome was sequenced and compared with other strains to explore the mechanisms underlying plant growth promotion by HMT-PGPB. The results showed that core genes that define the fundamental metabolic capabilities of strain PGP15 might not be necessary for plant growth promotion. Meanwhile, PGP15-specific genes, including many transposable elements, played a crucial role in the adaptive evolution of HM resistance. Overall, our results improve the understanding of interactions between HMT-PGPB and plants and facilitate the application of HMT-PGPB in the phytoremediation of HM-contaminated soils.
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Solanum nigrum L. has been described as a Cd hyperaccumulator, but the potential for continuous remediation, long-term effects of different planting methods, or chemical chelating agents have not been fully characterized. The potential for continuous phytoremediation of Cd-contaminated farmland soil (2.08 mg kg -1 Cd) by 2 planting methods (flowering harvest twice a year and maturity harvest once a year) and the continuous promoting effect of EDTA were studied in a 3-year pot experiment. The results showed that the Cd accumulation capacity by S. nigrum decreased with remediation times, which was mainly caused by the reduction of extractable Cd concentration in soil. The biomass of S. nigrum in treatments with two harvests a year at the flowering stage was significantly greater than that in treatments with harvest once a year at the maturity stage. This resulted in a significantly higher Cd accumulation in the former method than the latter, making it more suitable for practical application. The addition of EDTA improved Cd availability to plants in soil, and the promoting effect did not change with remediation times. The study results have demonstrated that the planting mode of two harvests a year at the flowering stage with the addition of EDTA seems to be a viable option to apply for rapid phytoremediation of Cd contaminated farmland soil.
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