Gender differences in knee kinematics of Chinese during running
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Abstract:
Objective
To investigate the kinematics of Chinese normal knee of running and compare gender differences.
Methods
Knee six-degree of freedom (6-DOF) kinematics of running were performed on 40 healthy adults (22 males and 18 females). Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS v16.0. The gender differences of kinematics were compared by one-way ANOVA.
Results
There were gender differences in kinematics of running in normal people. Gender differences mainly occured in the adduction/abduction angle. The average abduction angle of female was greater than that of male (F=5.563, P 0.05).
Conclusions
During running, the kinematics of knee is related to gender, and kinematic differences mainly exist in both frontal and transverse planes. The kinematics parameters of running in different genders provided in this study can provide valuable information for injury prevention, disease treatment and rehabilitation.
Key words:
Gait; Biomechanical phenomena; Knee; Running; Health; SexKeywords:
Knee flexion
Biomechanics
Statistical Analysis
Kinematic differences have been linked to the gender discrepancies seen in knee injuries. A medially posted orthotic decreases frontal and transverse plane motions in the lower extremity during ambulation, squatting and landing. This study investigated the effect of a medial post on amount and timing of lower extremity motions during a single-leg squat in male and female athletes. We hypothesized there would be differences in these kinematic variables dependent upon sex and post conditions. Twenty male and female athletes performed single-leg squats with and without a five degree full-length medial post. Maximum joint angles were analyzed using a two-way, repeated-measures analysis of variance to determine if the differences created by post condition were statistically significant, whether there were gender differences, or interactions. Differences in maximum motion values and the time at which they occurred were found between men and women at the hip, knee and ankle. The post decreased all frontal plane measures in both sexes and resulted in earlier attainment of maximum ankle eversion and delayed maximum knee valgus. A medially posted orthotic may be beneficial not only in limiting motion, but in affecting the time in which stressful motions occur.
Squatting position
Squat
Knee flexion
Repeated measures design
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Excessive frontal plane motion and valgus torques have been linked to knee injuries, particularly in women. Studies have investigated the role of lower extremity musculature, yet few have studied the activation of trunk or "core" musculature on hip and knee kinematics. Therefore, this study evaluated the influence of intentional core engagement on hip and knee kinematics during a single leg squat.
Squat
Squatting position
Knee flexion
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A smaller knee flexion angle and larger knee valgus angle during weight-bearing activities have been identified as risk factors for non-contact anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries. To prevent such injuries, attention has been focused on the role of hip strength in knee motion control. However, gender differences in the relationship between hip strength and knee kinematics during weight-bearing activities in the frontal plane have not been evaluated.The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of hip strength on knee kinematics in both genders during a single-legged landing task in the frontal plane. The hypotheses were that 1) subjects with a greater hip strength would demonstrate larger knee flexion and smaller knee valgus and internal rotation angles and 2) no gender differences would exist during the single-legged landing task.Forty-three Japanese collegiate basketball players (20 males, 23 females) participated in this study. Three-dimensional motion analysis was used to evaluate knee kinematics during a single-legged medial drop landing (SML). A hand-held dynamometer was used to assess hip extensor (HEXT), abductor (HAB), and external rotator (in two positions: seated position [SHER] and prone [PHER]) isometric strength. Spearman rank correlation coefficients (ρ) were determined for correlations between hip strength and knee kinematics at initial contact (IC) and peak (PK) during SML (p < 0.05).Negative correlations were observed between the knee valgus angle at IC and HEXT (ρ = -0.48, p = 0.02), HAB (ρ = -0.46, p = 0.03) and PHER (ρ = -0.44, p = 0.04) strength in females. In addition, a significant positive correlation was observed between the knee flexion angle at PK and HEXT strength (ρ = 0.61, p = 0.004) in males.Significant correlations between hip strength and knee kinematics during SML were observed in both genders. Hip strength may, therefore, play an important role in knee motion control during sports activities, suggesting that increased hip strength may help to prevent non-contact ACL injuries in athletes of both genders. Moreover, gender-specific programs may be needed to control abnormal knee motion, as the influence of hip strength on knee kinematics may differ based on gender.3.
Basketball
Weight-bearing
ACL injury
Knee flexion
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Lower extremity overuse injuries are common in runners. Female runners may be more susceptible to particular injuries compared to males due to differences in frontal plane running kinematics. The purpose of our study was to determine lower extremity frontal plane kinematic differences between male and female runners. Sixteen collegiate cross-country athletes participated (8 males: 177.58±4.44 cm, 63.12±6.40 kg, 19.38±1.85 yrs; 8 females: 167.01±5.92 cm, 55.94±6.82 kg, 19.25±1.49 yrs). Prior to the start of their season, three-dimensional hip, knee, and ankle frontal plane kinematics were recorded using a Vicon 3-camera system (200 Hz) while subjects ran on a treadmill. Approximately 13.7 seconds of data and 18 footfalls for the involved limb (injured limb, dominant limb for controls) were collected. Mean peak stance phase frontal plane angles (degrees) were derived relative to the lab coordinate system. Three separate 1-way (male, female) MANOVAS were used to analyze hip abduction/adduction, knee abduction/adduction, and ankle eversion/inversion. Females exhibited significantly greater mean peak stance phase hip abduction (11.81 ± 4.14 deg) compared to males (5.32 ± 3.56 deg, P =0.02). Although not statistically significant, females exhibited greater peak stance phase knee abduction (10.66 ± 3.50 deg) compared to males (6.85 ± 3.80 deg, P =0.16). Interestingly, our findings of increased hip abduction in females compared to males contradicts the current literature, while our finding of increased knee abduction in females compared to males agrees with previous research. The cross-country team focuses on hip strengthening, which may explain our hip abduction findings. However, further investigation is needed with a larger sample size to confirm our results and explore the possible relationship between increased hip and knee abduction in female runners who have a history of performing hip strengthening exercises.
Treadmill
Knee flexion
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Squat
Stair climbing
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The purposes of this study were to examine gender differences during drop jumps, to evaluate the effect of a set of simple instructions on kinematic and kinetic parameters during a drop jump, and to determine if there are gender differences in the effects of instruction on those parameters. Twenty-five basketball players, 13 men and 12 women, performed drop jumps from a box (height 30.5 cm) after being asked to perform a land and jump movement as they normally would do when aiming at maximum jump height. The experimental group received a set of instructions designed to make them land softer. The measured parameters were impact force at landing, ground contact time, flight time, frontal plane knee angle, sagittal plane knee angle, and distance between the knees. When the groups were examined by gender, no differences in the parameters were seen in men after instruction, but in women the following significant differences were detected: an increase in contact time, a decrease in landing force, and a decrease in inward movement of the knees after landing. These data indicate that females respond differently to jumping/landing instructions.
Basketball
Ground reaction force
Force platform
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Objective: The purpose of this study is to investigate whether the athletic knee show greater rotation and translation movement than non-athletic knee during the treadmill walking with their preferred speed in a complete gait cycle.
Method: Thirty young and healthy male subjects participated in the study, fifteen handball players (mean age: 19.6 ± 1.4 years old, mean weight: 85 ± 11.9 Kg, mean height: 179.8 ± 4.7) and fifteen non-athletes (mean age: 22.8 ± 1.2 years old, mean weight: 74.5 ± 8.6 Kg, mean height: 175 ± 5.9). Three-dimensional positional coordinate of lower limb during treadmill walking were analyzed.
Results: There were significant differences (t (22.014)=1.585, p=0.127 in the range of internal and external rotation with mean value for handball player (M=14.4513, SD=2.3839) was higher than non-athletes (M= 13.3327, SD=1.337). The magnitude of the difference in the means (mean difference=1.11867, 95% CI: -0.34489 to 2.5822) was significant. There were also significant differences (t (17.956)=1.654, p=0.116 in the max abduction and adduction with mean value for handball player (M=5.7160, SD=2.49281) was higher than non-athletes (M=4.5773, SD=0.94667). The magnitude of the difference in the means (mean difference=1.138, 95% CI: -0.30805 to 2.58539) was significant. At significance level 0.05.
Conclusion: Finding of this study suggest that to understand the actual characteristic of knee motion studies have to be done in different walking and running trial at variable speed.
Treadmill
Mean difference
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Purpose Female runners typically suffer more from chronic running injuries than age-matched males, although the exact biome-chanical mechanisms behind the increased susceptibility of female runners are unknown. This study aimed to compare sex differences in tibiocalcaneal kinematics during the stance phase of running. Methods Twenty male and twenty female participants ran at 4.0 m • s<sup>–1</sup>. Tibiocalcaneal kinematics were measured using an eight-camera motion analysis system and compared using independent samples t tests. Results Peak eversion and tibial internal rotation angles were shown to be significantly greater in female runners. Conclusions based on these observations, it was determined that female runners may be at increased risk from chronic injury development in relation to excessive tibiocalcaneal motions in the coronal and transverse planes.
Internal Rotation
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Context Previous authors have shown associations between kinematics on the single-legged step down (SLSD) and running mechanics. Therefore, the SLSD may be a useful tool for identifying runners with poor running mechanics when 2- or 3-dimensional gait analysis is not available. However, the associations between SLSD performance and running kinetics, as well as the influences of sex and muscle strength on these relationships, remain unclear. Objective To evaluate whether kinematics on the SLSD predict kinematics and kinetics while running and whether the relationships differ between men and women and are mediated by muscle strength. Design Cross-sectional study. Setting Biomechanics research laboratory. Patients or Other Participants Fifty highly trained runners (25 men, 25 women; age = 27.8 ± 9.2 years, height = 1.69 ± 0.26 m, mass = 66.3 ± 15.0 kg, running distance = 45.2 ± 19.1 mile/wk [72.32 ± 30.56 km/wk]). Main Outcome Measure(s) Relationships between kinematics on the SLSD and kinematics and kinetics during running were evaluated. We also assessed whether muscle strength moderated these relationships. Results For men, linear regression revealed that peak hip adduction (R2 = 0.306, P = .012), internal rotation (R2 = 0.439, P = .002), knee valgus (R2 = 0.544, P = .001), and rearfoot eversion (R2 = 0.274, P = .008) on the SLSD were strongly predictive of kinematics during running. In women, only peak hip internal rotation (R2 = 0.573, P = .001), knee valgus (R2 = 0.442, P = .001), and rearfoot eversion (R2 = 0.384, P = .012) predicted running kinematics. In women, total medial collapse on the SLSD predicted peak hip-adductor moment (R2 = 0.364, P = .001) during running. None of the relationships were moderated by muscle strength in either men or women. Conclusions Kinematics during the SLSD predicted kinematics while running in both men and women but only predicted kinetics while running in women. Given that none of the relationships between SLSD performance and running mechanics were moderated by muscle strength, clinicians should assess movement quality and strength independently.
Biomechanics
Internal Rotation
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Interest in distance running amongst females has expanded rapidly. Although there are numerous health benefits associated with running, the occurrence of injury is well documented. Given the relative susceptibility of females to overuse running injuries, a key issue within the discipline of footwear biomechanics that has yet to be appropriately addressed is the specific demands of athletic footwear for females. The aim of this study was therefore to provide both a kinetic and 3-D kinematic comparison of male and female runners in order to determine the relative susceptibility of females to the proposed mechanisms of overuse injuries and whether based on this information, females require more specific footwear designs to meet their needs. Twelve male participants and twelve female participants' completed five successful trials running at 4.0ms - 1 +5%. 3-D angular joint kinematics from the hip, knee and ankle were collected using an eight camera motion analysis system. In addition simultaneous tibial acceleration and ground reaction forces were obtained. Differences in impact parameters and joint kinematics were subsequently compared using independent samples t-tests. Females were found to be associated with significantly greater knee abduction, knee internal rotation and ankle eversion, whilst males were associated with significantly greater hip flexion. Based on these findings it is recommended that females select running footwear with design characteristics aimed towards the reduction of coronal plane ankle eversion in order to reduce the incidence of injury.
Biomechanics
Ground reaction force
Internal Rotation
External rotation
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