The effects of chemical crosslinking manners on the physical properties and biocompatibility of collagen type I/hyaluronic acid composite hydrogels
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The relatively weak mechanical properties of hydrogels remain a major drawback for their application as load-bearing tissue scaffolds. Previously, we developed cell-laden double-network (DN) hydrogels that were composed of photocrosslinkable gellan gum (GG) and gelatin. Further research into the materials as tissue scaffolds determined that the strength of the DN hydrogels decreased when they were prepared at cell-compatible conditions, and the encapsulated cells in the DN hydrogels did not function as well as they did in gelatin hydrogels. In this work, we developed microgel-reinforced (MR) hydrogels from the same two polymers, which have better mechanical strength and biological properties in comparison to the DN hydrogels. The MR hydrogels were prepared by incorporating stiff GG microgels into soft and ductile gelatin hydrogels. The MR hydrogels prepared at cell-compatible conditions exhibited higher strength than the DN hydrogels and the gelatin hydrogels, the highest strength being 2.8 times that of the gelatin hydrogels. MC3T3-E1 preosteoblasts encapsulated in MR hydrogels exhibited as high metabolic activity as in gelatin hydrogels, which is significantly higher than that in the DN hydrogels. The measurement of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and the amount of mineralization showed that osteogenic behavior of MC3T3-E1 cells was as much facilitated in the MR hydrogels as in the gelatin hydrogels, while it was not as much facilitated in the DN hydrogels. These results suggest that the MR hydrogels could be a better alternative to the DN hydrogels and have great potential as load-bearing tissue scaffolds.
Gelatin
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This minireview discusses the advantages and challenges in constructing bioinspired double-network hydrogels mimicking the structure and/or properties of biological tissue.
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The relatively weak mechanical properties of hydrogels remain a major drawback for their application as load-bearing tissue scaffolds. Previously, we developed cell-laden double-network (DN) hydrogels that were composed of photocrosslinkable gellan gum (GG) and gelatin. Further research into the materials as tissue scaffolds determined that the strength of the DN hydrogels decreased when they were prepared at cell-compatible conditions, and the encapsulated cells in the DN hydrogels did not function as well as they did in gelatin hydrogels. In this work, we developed microgel-reinforced (MR) hydrogels from the same two polymers, which have better mechanical strength and biological properties in comparison to the DN hydrogels. The MR hydrogels were prepared by incorporating stiff GG microgels into soft and ductile gelatin hydrogels. The MR hydrogels prepared at cell-compatible conditions exhibited higher strength than the DN hydrogels and the gelatin hydrogels, the highest strength being 2.8 times that of the gelatin hydrogels. MC3T3-E1 preosteoblasts encapsulated in MR hydrogels exhibited as high metabolic activity as in gelatin hydrogels, which is significantly higher than that in the DN hydrogels. The measurement of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and the amount of mineralization showed that osteogenic behavior of MC3T3-E1 cells was as much facilitated in the MR hydrogels as in the gelatin hydrogels, while it was not as much facilitated in the DN hydrogels. These results suggest that the MR hydrogels could be a better alternative to the DN hydrogels and have great potential as load-bearing tissue scaffolds.
Gelatin
Gellan gum
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The development of skin tissue engineering provides a non invasive method for skin restoration.As one of three key factors in tissue engineering,the cell scaffolds play an important role.To meet the requirements of cell scaffolds for tissue engineering in respect of mechanical property,physical structure and biocompatibility,the porous scaffolds of poly(DL lactide)(PDLLA),and poly(lactide co caprolactone)(PLACL)were first fabricated,then they were implanted into the muscle of rat back.The rats died at different times after implantation and the retrieved implants from each rat were observed and compared with acellular dermis matrix (ADM)having good biocompatibility.It was found that the degradation rate,mechanical properties,porosity,and pore size of PDLLA and PLACL scaffolds can be adjusted according to the requirements of skin tissue engineering.There were no obvious inflammatory cells after implanting of the materials,and the formed vasa in the scaffolds became similar with normal vasa and distributed evenly after 21 days.The biocompatibility of PDLLA and PLACL is not as good as ADM,but the foreign body reactions were not obvious.The scaffolds of PDLLA and PLACL can meet elementary requirements of skin tissue engineering.This study provides meaningful and experimental basis for further study of artificial skin of PLACL.
Biocompatibility
Artificial skin
Acellular Dermis
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