Blood markers of kidney function and dietary protein intake of resistance trained males
P. LaBountyBarbara K. CampbellJ. WismannE NassarA. ThomasJean C. BeckhamMariusz R. WięckowskiM GalbreathTim HarveyMichael GreenwoodRichard B. Kreider
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The development of age-associated proteinuria and renal disease was studied in groups of male Wistar rats fed 12.5, 25, 50 and 75 kcal of food/day, respectively, and in calorie-restricted (40 kcal/day) rats receiving diets rich in fat, protein or carbohydrate. Proteinuria developed faster, kidneys were larger and the incidence of glomerular lesions and proteinaceous casts was greater in rats eating high calorie diets of 50 kcal/day or more. High protein diets, even when calorie-restricted, increased protein excretion and the incidence of glomerular lesions. In old rats acute food restriction (25 kcal/day) decreased protein excretion by 40 % in 1 week, with no further reduction in the 2 week. Life duration was greatest in rats fed 50 kcal/day.
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To investigate the association of major dietary patterns with glucose and insulin homeostasis parameters in a large American sample. The association between dietary patterns (DP) derived via principal components analysis (PCA), with glucose/insulin homeostasis parameters was assessed. The likelihood of insulin resistance (IR) across the DPs quarters was also explored.The United States National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) participants during 2005-2012 were included if they underwent measurement of dietary intake as well as glucose and insulin homeostasis parameters. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) and adjusted logistic and linear regression models were employed to account for the complex survey design and sample weights.A total of 24,182 participants were included; 48.9% (n = 11,815) were men. Applying PCA revealed three DP (56.8% of variance): the first was comprised mainly of saturated fat (SFA), total fat, mono-unsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and carbohydrate (CHO); the second is highly enriched with vitamins, trace elements and dietary fiber; and the third was composed of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), cholesterol and protein. Among the total population, after adjustment for age, sex, race, C-reactive protein, smoking, and physical activity, glucose homeostasis factors, visceral adiposity index and lipid accumulation product improved across the quarters of the first and third DP; and a reverse pattern with the second DP. The same trend was observed for the non-diabetic subjects. Moreover, subjects with higher adherence to the first and third DP had higher likelihood for developing IR, whereas there was a lower likelihood for the second DP.This study shows that the DP heavily loaded with CHO, SFA, PUFA, protein, total fat and MUFA as well as high-cholesterol-load foods is associated with impaired glucose tolerance; in contrast, the healthy pattern which is high in vitamins, minerals and fiber may have favourable effects on insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance.
Clinical nutrition
Polyunsaturated fat
Homeostasis
Homeostatic model assessment
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The mature body weight of outbred CD-Crl:COBS CD(SD)BR male rats permitted to select their own diets throughout life was shown to correlate linearly with the frequency of spontaneous tumors. In an analysis of the dietary practices of these animals, a multifactorial model was derived--for which prepuberty and early post-puberty data only were used--that accounted for a large proportion of the variance in mature weight. The level of food or calorie intake proved less informative than the following: the interactive effects of food intake relative to body weight, the proportion of protein and carbohydrate constituents in the diet, the intake of each of these components, and, particularly, the efficiency with which the diet consumed was used for growth during early postweaning life. In a prospective study of other rats maintained on a similar feeding regimen, the model was found to be an accurate predictor of mature weight. Several of the explanatory factors necessary for estimation of body weight also contributed to tumor susceptibility. Nonetheless, both dietary and body weight-related factors in a specific time-related sequence were required to explain variation in spontaneous tumor susceptibility.
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Study the association between the total caloric intake, protein, lipid, and some classes of fatty acids of the diet, and their effects on blood pressure in a sample of Egyptian obese women with and without visceral obesity.Five hundred forty-nine obese women were included in the study with mean age of 38.1 ± 11.56 years and mean Body mass index [BMI] of 36.17 ± 7.23. They enrolled in a program for losing weight. Visceral fat was determined using ultrasound. Blood pressure was measured 3 times and the mean was recorded. Twenty four hours dietary recall was reported.Thirty point four percentages of samples has visceral obesity ≥ 7cm; they were the older, showed higher values of BMI, visceral obesity and blood pressure. Significant difference was found between groups regarding mean value of BMI, visceral obesity, both systolic blood pressure SBP and diastolic blood pressure DBP and most of the daily macronutrients intake. In groups (2&3) positive significant correlation was recorded between (SBP) & (DBP) and total daily intake of total calories, carbohydrate, total fat, saturated fatty acids and cholesterol, and negative significant correlation with total daily intake of total protein, animal and vegetable protein, linolenic and linoleic fatty acids, while oleic fatty acid showed negative correlation with SBP&DBP in all groups.This study emphasizes the hypothesis that the macronutrients composition of diet influences blood pressure in different ways, in obese patients with visceral obesity.
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The amount and the type of dietary protein could play a role in determining the quantity of skeletal muscle mass. The aim was to examine the relationship between the type of protein intake and the level of muscle mass in healthy omnivorous and vegetarian Caucasian women. The design of the present study was an observational and cross-sectional study. Twenty-one omnivores (Om) and nineteen vegetarians (Ve) were recruited. Muscle mass index (urinary creatinine), dietary intake (5 d dietary records) and biochemical analyses (hormone, phyto-oestrogen and lipid profiles) were obtained. We found differences between groups for muscle mass (Ve: 18 kg v. Om: 23 kg; P = 0·010), muscle mass index (Ve: 6·7 kg/m 2 v. Om: 8·3 kg/m 2 ; P = 0·002), animal protein intake in g/d ( P = 0·001) and in g/kg body weight per d ( P = 0·003), plant protein intake in g/d ( P = 0·015) and in g/kg body weight per d ( P = 0·007), the animal:plant protein intake ratio ( P = 0·001) and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) ( P = 0·001). Muscle mass index still correlated with animal protein intake in g/d ( P = 0·001) and in g/kg body weight per d ( P = 0·008), and the animal:plant protein intake ratio ( P = 0·007) even after controlling for SHBG and plant protein intake. Finally, animal protein intake (g/d) was the independent predictor of muscle mass index (adjusted r 2 0·42). Thus, a vegetarian diet is associated with a lower muscle mass index than is an omnivorous diet at the same protein intake. A good indicator of muscle mass index in women seems to be animal protein intake.
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Plant protein
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Peptide YY (PYY) is a hormone that is secreted from the duodenum in response to food intake, which then interacts with the hypothalamus and central nervous system through neuropeptide Y. Endogenous PYY influences sensations of hunger and satiety, insulin and glucagon secretion, gastric function, hepatic glucose metabolism, and may play a role in the development of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Furthermore, administration of exogenous PYY reduces caloric intake in lean and obese subjects. Although PYY has many effects, the relationship of dietary macronutrient intake, fasting blood glucose and cholesterol concentrations on PYY concentrations are unclear. PURPOSE: To evaluate the extent to which dietary macronutrient intake, fasting blood glucose and cholesterol concentrations are related to PYY concentrations in healthy college aged women. Methods. Thirty-one college aged women of varying levels of habitual physical activity with no known chronic diseases were assessed for body composition via DEXA. Participants then recorded their dietary intake for three days, and then following an overnight fast, a blood sample was collected for the measurement of glucose, cholesterol, and serum PYY concentrations. Data were analyzed using a Pearson product correlation. RESULTS: The body mass index of the participants ranged from 18.6 - 32.8 kg/m2 with a mean of 23.0 ± 0.7 kg/m2 (mean ± sem). The participants ranged in body composition from 16.4 - 49.3% body fat, with a mean of 30.3 ± 1.9%. Fasting serum PYY concentrations were related (P<0.05) to BMI (r = −0.565), % body fat (r = −0.831), fat mass (r = −0.758) dietary energy intake (r = 0.447) protein intake (r = 0.538), carbohydrate intake (r = 0.466), and fat intake (r = 0.412). Fasting serum PYY concentrations were not related to LDL cholesterol (r = 0.0427), triglycerides (r = −0.194) or fasting plasma glucose concentrations (r = −0.0712). CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that fasting serum PYY concentrations are inversely related to body composition and positively related to dietary macronutrient composition, but are not related to fasting plasma glucose or cholesterol concentrations in college aged women with no known chronic diseases.
Peptide YY
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The influence of dietary protein intake on muscle mass in adults remains unclear. Our objective was to investigate the association between protein intake and muscle mass in 31,278 men and 45,355 women from the Lifelines Cohort. Protein intake was estimated by food frequency questionnaire and muscle mass was estimated from 24 h urinary creatinine excretion. The age range was 18⁻91 years and mean total protein intake was 1.0 ± 0.3 g/kg/day. Across increasing quartiles of total protein intake, animal protein intake, and fish/meat/egg protein intake, creatinine excretion significantly increased in both men (+4% for total and +6% for fish/meat/egg protein intake, p < 0.001) and women (+3% for total and +6% for fish/meat/egg protein intake, p < 0.001). The associations were not systematically stronger or weaker with increasing age, but associations were strongest for young men (26⁻45 years) and older women (>75 years). The association between total protein intake and muscle mass was dependent on physical activity in women (p interaction < 0.001). This study suggests that total protein intake, animal protein intake, and in particular fish/meat/egg protein intake may be important for building and preserving muscle mass. Dietary protein sources should be further studied for their potential to build and preserve muscle mass.
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