Citizen Participation in Political Markets: Extending Service-Dominant Logic to Public Policy
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While service-dominant logic prescribes consumer participation with firms, some theorists of elitist democracy oppose citizen participation in governance because these theorists perceive citizens as being incompetent in political matters. This study, grounded in political marketing theory, suggests that citizens do, indeed, have the competence for participating in governance through the thin-participation methods (i.e., those not requiring citizen interaction in groups) presented herein. These methods feature relatively short amounts of time needed for individual respondents to learn about issues in an online environment and to take a survey including trade-off tasks as part of a discrete-choice experimental design. Set in the context of a budget crisis for a state (Wyoming), this study assessed citizens’ thoughts about the state’s political processes as well as about policy preferences for seven important policy areas of state budgeting. The results of this study provide evidence that citizens have the crucial operant resources (knowledge and skills) to participate in all types of political markets (electoral, governmental, and intragovernmental). The study offers researchers knowledge for further developing service-dominant logic in government ecosystems of service.Value (mathematics)
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We should understand democratic concept from the following five aspects: democracy is that people are host; democracy is that majority respects and protects minority; democracy carries forward individual; democracy needs obligation;and democracy is the mechanism of correcting mistakes to satisfy people.
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A democratic republic may be a sort of government operating on principles adopted from a republic and a democracy. Rather than being a cross between two entirely separate systems, democratic republics may function on principles shared by both republics and democracies.
Representative democracy
The Republic
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Jiang Zemin's socialist democratic view came into being and developed gradually in the practice of democratic construction. It chiefly includes five aspects: the ideas on democratic position, the ideas on the nature of democracy, the ideas on the system of democracy, the ideas on the dynamo of democracy and the ideas on the real situation of democracy in a certain country. These five aspects work together to form Jiang Zemin's socialist democratic theory system.
Position (finance)
Democratic system
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We provide evidence that a tradition of village democracy is associated with the presence of national democracy today. We also show that a tradition of local democracy is associated with attitudes which are more supportive of democracy, with better quality institutions and with higher levels of economic development. Our findings indicate persistence in democratic institutions over time, and suggest the importance of traditional local institutions for well-functioning national-level institutions.
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Village-level democracy constitutes the basis for and an organic component of primary-level democracy in rural areas.It includes democratic election,democratic decision-making,democratic management and democratic supervision.The article,in keeping with the above-mentioned four aspects,sorts out problems with the development of village-level democracy and presents some suggestions which would help solve the problems.
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Is democracy running out of steam? In recent years, politicians, pundits, and academics have voiced the idea that young citizens in industrialized democracies lack commitment to a democratic system of politics. This paper analyzes evaluations of democracy among over 350,000 Europeans between 2002 and 2017 and shows that – contrary to popular perceptions – young people are generally more satisfied with democracy than older citizens. Moreover, satisfaction with democracy has increased among Europeans of all ages. As long as citizens believe that democratic regimes work well in practice, it is doubtful that support for democracy will erode.
Direct Democracy
Democratic system
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In the last few decades, Western governments have spent huge sums of money to promote democracy abroad. We do not know which, if any, of these programs actually work. If we cannot measure democracy in sufficient detail and with the necessary nuance, we cannot mark its progress and setbacks or affect its future course. While distinguishing the most democratic countries from the least democratic ones is fairly easy, it has proven to be much harder to make finer distinctions. Here we present a new effort aimed at measuring democracy, the Varieties of Democracy Project (V-Dem).
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Direct Democracy
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The understanding of democratic concept should shun five mistaken ideas as follows: Democracy is not seeking decisions for people, nor making decisions for people, but that people decide for themselves; democracy is not majorities overwhelming minorities but majorities respecting and protecting minorities; democracy is not negating individuals but commending individuals; democracy is not only for rights but also for obligations; democracy is not seeking for optimum system of perfection but for guaranteeing satisfactory system of correction.
Perfection
Democratic system
Democratic Theory
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