Performance of interlaminar flax-carbon hybrids under bending
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Abstract:
Fibers derived from plants are sustainable and environmentally friendly. Their mechanical properties, however, are generally much lower than synthetic fibers, such as carbon. This has been a leading cause for their limited usage in many engineering applications. For natural fibres to find its way into semi-structural applications, significant improvements in mechanical properties are necessary. Towards this end, we investigate the performance enhancement achievable through hybridization with high strength and high stiffness carbon fibres in this work. Results showed that with just 14% of carbon fibers in flax-carbon epoxy hybrid, flexural stiffness can be increased by up to 5.5 times, and strength 2.7 times. This demonstrates the potential of natural-synthetic hybridization even at low volume fraction of synthetic fibers. The effects of stacking sequences on performance under bending were also investigated and the reliability of using Classical Lamination Theory (CLT) to predict flexural modulus of hybrid carbon-flax was assessed.Keywords:
Carbon fibers
Lamination
Flexural rigidity
Flexural modulus
Environmentally Friendly
PurposeTo measure the stiffness of commonly used “stiff” guidewires in terms of their flexural modulus, an engineering parameter related to bending stiffness. MethodsEleven different intact stiff guidewires were selected to undergo a 3-point bending test performed using a tensile testing machine. Testing was performed on 3 new and intact specimens of each guidewire at 10 locations along the wire's length, excluding the floppy tip. The flexural modulus (in gigapascals, GPa) was calculated from the results of the bending test. ResultsThe flexural modulus of the plain Amplatz wire was 9.5 GPa compared to 11.4 to 14.5 GPa for the “heavy duty” wires. Within the Amplatz family of guidewires, the flexural modulus was 17 GPa for the “stiff,” 29.2 GPa for the “extra stiff,” 60.3 GPa for the “super stiff,” and 65.4 GPa for the “ultra stiff.” The Backup Meier measured 139.6 GPa and the Lunderquist Extra Stiff 158.4 GPa. ConclusionThe Instructions for Use of some endovascular devices specify a wire type selected from a range of undefined “stiffness” descriptors. These descriptors have little correlation with the measured flexural modulus. Two guidewires with the description “extra stiff” can have a 5-fold difference in flexural modulus. We recommend that guidewire catalogues and packaging include the flexural modulus and that device manufacturers amend their Instructions for Use accordingly.
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In the present research work, the flexural modulus and strength of glass fiber-epoxy resin and carbon fiber-epoxy resin composites have been enhanced through fiber tension during curing of the polymeric resin. This study showed that the tension applied on the fibers increased the flexural modulus of the glass-epoxy composites up to 12% and the flexural strength up to 19%. The flexural modulus and strength of carbon-epoxy were also increased up to 25% and 13%, respectively. It was shown that the optimum fiber tension to obtain the maximum flexural properties depends on the fiber the composite is made of. The mechanism through which the improvement has been achieved was also presented.
Flexural modulus
Tension (geology)
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Honeycomb sandwich structures are constructed by bonding two stiffer skins with one honeycomb core, which are called composite panel structures with light-weight and high-strength performances. Sandwich-structured composite panels are normally used for secondary and tertiary functions like aircraft flooring or Rotor blades etc. and sometime used by bending member. In this study, the relationship between bending flexural rigidity and bending elastic modulus performances of honeycomb sandwich composite panels with design parameters like skin thicknesses, honeycomb cell size and height etc. are experimentally and analytical evaluated through the four point bending flexural test.
Flexural rigidity
Honeycomb
Honeycomb structure
Sandwich panel
Flexural modulus
Specific modulus
Rigidity (electromagnetism)
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Bending deformation has been measured for orthodontic wires ranging in diameter from .010 to .051 inch. Results establish a revised expression for Young's modulus and show that either the stiffness tester or the torque meter will yield essentially the same measured values of bending properties. The dependence of test span length in determining Young's modulus and flexural yield strength is discussed.
Flexural modulus
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A novel super-hybrid composite(SHCM)was prepared with foam SiC ceramics.high
performance fibers and modified phenolic resin.Effect of foam ceramics and high silica glass fibers on
the mechanical properties of super-hybrid composite was studied.The results show that foam ceramics
can improve the hardness,size stability of the composite Foam ceramics increases the compressive
strength and compressive modulus of the composite.With the rise of foam ceramics’content,the
fiexural modulus of the composites increases greatly and the flexural strength decreases slightly.With
the rise of high silica glass fibers’content, the flexural strength and modulus of the composite increase.
Flexural modulus
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This paper presents the flexural behavior of full-scale glue-laminated (glulam) beams made by gluing layers of fibre composite sandwich panels together. Sandwich beams with flatwise, edgewise, and combined sandwich laminations were investigated to determine the most effective use of composite sandwich construction for structural beam applications. The building block of this innovative beam is a novel composite sandwich structure made up of glass fibre reinforced polymer skins and high strength phenolic core material. Four-point static bending test was conducted to evaluate the stiffness and strength of the full-scale glulam sandwich beams. The effects of wrapping the glulam sandwich beams with one-layer of tri-axial glass fibres on the flexural behaviour were also examined. The results of the experimental investigation indicated that the glulam sandwich beams with edgewise laminations is the most efficient section in terms of strength and stiffness among the different beam configurations. This beam failed with a 20% higher bending strength and has a 4% higher bending stiffness than beams with flatwise and combined sandwich laminations. The glulam sandwich beams with fibre wraps behaved slightly stiffer and failed a higher load compared to the beams without wraps. In general, all the beams presented bending stiffness and strength comparable with structural timber showing that the glulam sandwich beam is a viable alternative to hardwood timber.
Flexural rigidity
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Flexural rigidity
Polystyrene
Flexural modulus
Carbon fibers
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Flexural modulus
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Hybrid composites offer a viable alternative to conventional composites in terms of reduced cost and environmental impact. This study investigated the effect of hybridizing flax with Kevlar on the flexural and impact properties of Kevlar/flax/epoxy composites using three-point bending, drop-weight, and Charpy impact tests. The tested specimens were made of unidirectional flax fibers (F) and woven Kevlar fibers (K) in four configurations: unidirectional flax/epoxy [0 16F ] (UFE), angle-ply flax/epoxy [±45 4F ] S (AFE), woven Kevlar/unidirectional flax/epoxy [0–90 2K /0 6F ] S (UKFE), and woven Kevlar/angle-ply flax/epoxy [0–90 2K /±45 3F ] S (AKFE). The three-point bending test results showed that the ultimate strength and the flexural modulus of the UKFE increased by 15% compared to pure UFE and by more than threefold for AKFE compared to AFE laminates. Additionally, the results of the drop-weight test revealed a significant increase in the impact force by 30% for both unidirectional and angle-ply laminate configurations. Similarly, Charpy test results indicated a 60% improvement in the impact energies of the flax laminates. The predictions of the proposed finite element model agreed very well with the experimental results. These findings demonstrate the effectiveness of hybridizing two layers of Kevlar onto flax/epoxy composites in enhancing the composite's impact and flexural properties.
Kevlar
Charpy impact test
Flexural modulus
Flexural rigidity
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