Integrated disease management of root rot (Macrophomina phaseolina) in Gloriosa superba
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Abstract:
Root rot disease caused by Macrophomina phaseolina is a destructive disease in Gloriosa superba. The effect of organic amendments, fungicides and biocontrol agents in the management of root rot disease of G. superba was evaluated under field conditions. From the results, it was found that the combination treatment of soil application of Trichoderma viride (2.5 kg ha(-1)) along with mahua cake (150 kg ha(-1)), dipping the tubers in Pseudomonas fluorescens 0.2% followed by spraying tebuconazole + trifloxystrobin 0.1% twice on 30 and 60 days after planting was effective in managing the root rot disease and increasing the seed yield. The plant growth and yield parameters viz., plant height, number of flowers plant(-1), number of pods plant(-1) and number of seeds pod(-1) were the maximum in the combination treatment of soil application of T. viride (2.5 kg ha(-1)) along with mahua cake (150 kg ha(-1)), dipping the tubers in P. fluorescens 0.2% followed by spraying tebuconazole + trifloxystrobin 0.1% twice on 30 and 60 days after planting.Keywords:
Macrophomina phaseolina
Root rot
A phenomenon of wilting in strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duchesne) transplants, cultivated for annual winter production, was observed on several cultivars at 14 farmers' plots in nine growing regions in Israel during September and October 2004. Typical ‘charcoal rot’ symptoms included necrotic root and crown rot accompanied by plant wilting and chlorosis of leaves (1). Pure cultures of Macrophomina phaseolina were isolated from affected roots and crowns of plants (1) when incubated at 25°C in the dark on potato dextrose agar (PDA) (Difco Laboratories, Sparks, MD) medium containing 250 mg/l of chloramphenicol. Dark, oblong sclerotia averaging 40 μm wide by 200 μm long were observed in the infected root tissue and in culture 7 to 10 days after isolation (2). Twenty-two single sclerotium isolates were recovered from five infected cultivars (Yuval, Herut, Tamar, Hadas, and Malach) and three representative isolates were used in two pathogenicity assays. Inoculum of M. phaseolina was produced by blending 3-week-old cultures on PDA plates (9 cm diameter) in 100 ml of sterile distilled water, filtering the suspension through eight layers of gauze, and adjusting the concentration to 10 5 sclerotia per ml. In the first pathogenicity assay, each of the three isolates was inoculated on five plants (cv. Malach). Plants were produced from nursery runners and potted in a soilless coconut and styrofoam (3:1 vol/vol) medium, 1 liter per pot. Each plant was inoculated by pouring 50 ml of sterile water containing 10 5 sclerotia per ml per pot. Plants were incubated at 30°C with 12-h day/night conditions and watered with 100 ml every 3 to 7 days. Five noninoculated control plants were included. Necrosis at the base of petioles and chlorosis of leaves, followed by initial wilting of leaves, were observed after 2 weeks on inoculated plants. Plant mortality was first recorded approximately 5 weeks after inoculation and 100% mortality was recorded 10 weeks postinoculation. In the second pathogenicity assay, the same three isolates were used to inoculate four plants each of two different cultivars (Malach and Hadas) as described previously. Identical disease symptoms, as described previously, were observed 17 days after inoculation. Initial plant mortality was observed approximately 6 weeks postinoculation. In both pathogenicity assays, M. phaseolina was readily reisolated on amended PDA from all symptomatic and dead plants, which successfully completed Koch's postulates. Noninoculated control plants remained healthy. Although M. phaseolina has been reported in other crops in Israel, to our knowledge, this is the first report of the pathogen on strawberry in our country. This study suggests that the current soil fumigation regimen for control of fungal pathogens such as M. phaseolina, utilizing alternatives to methyl bromide which is currently being phased out in Israel, may not be adequate to maintain healthy strawberry material at all production stages. A similar observation was recently reported in Florida (2). Charcoal rot of strawberry has also been recorded on strawberry in France, India, and Egypt (1). References: (1) J. Maas. Macrophomina leaf blight and dry crown rot and Macro-phomina root rot and charcoal rot. Pages 26 and 59 in: Compendium of Strawberry Diseases. 2nd ed. J. L. Maas, ed. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN, 1998. (2) J. Mertely et al. Plant Dis. 89:434, 2005.
Wilting
Macrophomina phaseolina
Potato dextrose agar
Chlorosis
Root rot
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A severe outbreak of charcoal rot was observed in cantaloupe melon (Cucumis melo L.) in the summer of 2011 to 2012 in Curacaví Valley, Chile. Prior to harvest, of 72 plants per cultivar, charcoal rot prevalence varied from 32% to 82% in cvs. Colima, Charantias, Navigator, Origami, Otero, and Samoa. Symptoms were wilting and leaf browning associated with water-soaked lesions at the base of the crown with amber to dark brown exudates. Lesions dried out progressively, turned tan, and cracked. Affected plants declined and died before harvest. Reddish fruit decay was observed. Symptomatic stem and root samples (n = 97) were collected, surface disinfected (96% ethanol, 30 s), plated on PDA acidified with 0.5 ml/liter of 92% lactic acid (APDA), and incubated at 20 ± 1°C. A white, fast-growing mycelium was obtained that turned gray to black after 7 days due to the presence of spherical to oblong black microsclerotia 136 ± 52 μm (n = 80) in diameter. On the basis of colony morphology and microsclerotia, 57 isolates (59%), obtained from 97 melon samples, were tentatively identified as Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid. (2,3). The morphological identification of four isolates M1HB-B, M2CO-B, M3CH-R, and M4OT-B (GenBank Accession Nos. JX203630, JX203631, JX203632, and JX203633) was confirmed by sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS1-5.8S-ITS2) of rDNA, using primers ITS4 and ITS5, with >99% similarity with the sequences of M. phaseolina (GenBank Accession No. HQ660592) (4). Pathogenicity tests were conducted with isolates M1HB-B, M2CO-B, M3CH-R, and M4OT-B on melon fruits cvs. Colima, Origami, Charantias, and Diva. Four mature melon fruits per cultivar per isolate were surface disinfected with 0.5% sodium hypochlorite for 2 min before inserting a mycelium plug (19 mm2) in a 6 mm diameter hole made with a sterile cork borer. An equal number of perforated fruits in which a sterile agar plug was inserted were left as non-inoculated controls. After 8 days of incubation at 20°C, inoculated fruits developed a spherical, reddish, soft necrotic lesion of 15 to 20 mm in diameter in the pulp. Non-inoculated fruits remained symptomless. The pathogenicity of the four isolates was also studied in 3-month-old melon plants (n = 4) cvs. Colima and Navigator. Plants were inoculated by inserting a mycelial plug (9 mm2) underneath the epidermis of the crown, 5 cm above the soil level. The inoculation site was immediately wrapped with Parafilm to avoid dehydration. An equal number of non-inoculated, but injured plants, treated with a sterile agar plug, were left as controls. After 21 days of incubation under greenhouse conditions (17 ± 5.5°C), all inoculated plants developed water-soaked to dry necrotic lesions, 20 to 70 mm long, yellow to tan in color. No symptoms were obtained in non-inoculated controls. M. phaseolina was reisolated in 84% and 100% of the inoculated plants and fruits, respectively. To our knowledge, this study is the first report of charcoal rot in cantaloupe melon in Chile, previously found on watermelon and melon group inodorus (1). Charcoal rot appears as an emerging disease that aggressively affects current cantaloupe melon cultivars in central Chile. References: (1) G. Apablaza. Cien. Inv. Agr. 20:101, 1993. (2) B. D. Bruton and E. V. Wann. Charcoal rot. Page 9 in: Compendium of Cucurbit Diseases. T. A. Zitter, D. L. Hopkins, and C. E. Thomas, eds. APS, St. Paul, MN, 1996. (3) S. Kaur et al. Crit. Rev. Microbiol. 38:136, 2012. (4) J. Q. Zhang et al. Plant Dis. 95:872, 2011.
Macrophomina phaseolina
Wilting
Melon
Cucumis
Charcoal
Pycnidium
Root rot
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Sesame seeds treated with 6% metanol extract of azedrach (fruits) Melia azedarach, leaves of peppermint(Mentha piperita) , leaves of thyme ( Thymusserpyllum), and eucalyptus (Eucalyptus rostratua), and garlic cloves (Allium sativum) were planted in Dair Alzor-Salo, Raqua, and Edleb-kafar- sandal research centers with three replicates for each treatment and control during two seasons 2008 and 2009.Obtained data revealed that all extracts significantly reduced infection percentage of charcoal root rot and wilt diseases in Dair Alzor-Salo and Raqua, however the peppermint and garlic extracts significantly reduced infection percentage of charcoal root rot and wilt diseases in Edleb. All extracts significantly increased the yield comparing with the control in Dair Alzor-Salo, while the peppermint, andthyme extracts significantly increased the yield in Edleb-kafar- sandal comparing with the control, moreover the thyme and eucalyptus extracts significantly increased the yield in Raqua. Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid and Fusarium oxysporum Schlecht were isolated from deseased plants. Laboratory experiments showed that all tested extracts inhibited the Macrophomina phaseolina growth on PDA medium comparing with the control.
Macrophomina phaseolina
Charcoal
Melia azedarach
Wilt disease
Root rot
Eucalyptus globulus
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In diagnostic surveys conducted in parts of Benin and Nigeria to determine the incidence of pre-harvest cassava root and stem rot during the dry season, Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goidanich constituted 14.2 and 18.7% of the total fungi (n = 201) associated with cassava root and stem rot from Benin and Nigeria (1). Pathogenicity of M. phaseolina on cassava was tested with cv. Agric. Inocula for pathogenicity tests were prepared by incubating 5-mm-diameter mycelial plugs for each of five isolates (Mp 1 to Mp 5, all collected from Benin) with 500 ml of autoclaved, sterilized, dehusked rice seed for 14 days at 30°C. Five 30-cm-long stem portions per isolate were cut from healthy cassava, surface disinfested in hot water (52°C, 5 min), and planted into 1-liter pots containing autoclaved, sterilized sand mixed with 10 ml of air-dried inoculum. Five plants per isolate similarly treated but not inoculated served as controls. Plants were watered once a week, and maintained in a greenhouse under natural light at 28 to 30°C. Lower leaves of inoculated plants gradually wilted, usually preceded by chlorosis, and brown to black lesions formed on the lower stem portions of some roots. Control plants remained asymptomatic. Plant height and percentage of leaf wilt (determined by counting the number of leaves wilted per plant and dividing by the total number of leaves per plant) were measured on a weekly basis for 8 weeks for each of the control and inoculated plants. At the end of 8 weeks, lesion length on the lower stem was measured. There were significant differences (P < 0.05) in length of the lesions and percentage of leaf wilt induced by the different isolates of M. phaseolina. Isolate Mp 1 induced the longest lesion (7.2 cm), followed by Mp 4 (4.1 cm), Mp 3 and Mp 5 (3.8 cm each), and Mp 2 (1.2 cm). Mp 4 induced the highest percentage of wilted leaves (53%), followed by Mp 1, Mp 3, and Mp 5 (30%), and Mp 2 (10%). All five M. phaseolina isolates (except Mp 3) reduced plant height, compared with control treatments. M. phaseolina was isolated from all infected plants, and the identification was independently confirmed by the International Mycological Institute, Surrey, UK. This is the first report of M. phaseolina causing pre-harvest cassava root rot in Benin and Nigeria. Reference: (1) W. Msikita et. al. Plant Dis. 81:1332, 1997.
Macrophomina phaseolina
Chlorosis
Root rot
Pith
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Stevia (
Macrophomina phaseolina
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The charcoal rot of Black gram caused by Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid. is an important disease affecting Black gram production areas in India. Although considerable research related to the biology and ecology of Macrophomina has been conducted, it continues to cause huge economic losses in many crops. No single control measures are effective or not feasible under farmer’s conditions. In this study, two bio-control agents, Trichoderma viride and Pseudomonas fluorescens were assessed for their ability to reduce the growth of M. phaseolina under laboratory conditions. It was found that among the antagonists tested, Trichoderma exhibited strong inhibition (77.77%) against M. phaseolina. Their culture filtrates were also found to be effective in promoting the in vitro growth. The maximum seed germination (97%), shoot length (22.2cm) and root length (16.5cm) was recorded in the seed treatment of Trichoderma followed by Pseudomonas in the decreasing merit. In addition to the use of the bio-control agents, fungicide Carbendazim was also applied as seed treatment at recommended doses. The results indicated that Carbendazim @ 0.1% was very effective in the management of root rot disease which effectively controlled the mycelial growth.
Macrophomina phaseolina
Root rot
Trichoderma viride
Pseudomonas fluorescens
Seed treatment
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Plant growth-promoting rhizobacterial (PGPR) strains were tested for their efficacy against the Coleus root rot pathogen Macrophomina phaseolina under in vitro, glasshouse and field conditions. Among the thirty isolates ofP. fluorescens screened under in vitro condition, six isolates viz., Pf1, FP 7, COTP-20, COGP-30, TDK-1 and AH-1 were effective in reducing mycelial growth of the pathogen. The isolate Pf1 showed maximum percent inhibition over control which contributes 58.52% reduction over control, followed by FP 7. Mode of action of effective PGPR isolates was studied by testing the production of indole acetic acid (IAA), siderophore, lytic enzymes, hydrocyanic acid (HCN), volatile metabolites, fluorescein and pycovyanin. Among these six isolates, Pf 1 and FP 7 found to produce all these compounds in higher quantity in comparison with other isolates. Plants treated with talc based formulation of Pf1 (stem cuttings dip + soil application) significantly increased the activity of defence related enzymes viz., peroxidase and poly phenol oxidase in coleus plants followed by FP 7 (Stem cuttings dip + soil application) when compared to untreated control. The plants treated with pre mixture fungicide (Carbendazim + Mancozeb) (stem cuttings dip + soil application) at 0.1% effectively reduced root rot incidence over control followed by Pf1 (stem cuttings dip + soil application) at 0.2% under both pot and field conditions. Plants treated with Pf1 (Stem cuttings dip + Soil application) showed best performance of both growth and yield parameters followed by FP 7 (stem cuttings dip + soil application) under both glass house and field conditions.
Key words: Biocontrol, Pseudomonas fluorescens, root rot, Macrophomina phaseolina, induced systemic resistance, defence enzymes.
Cutting
Macrophomina phaseolina
Pseudomonas fluorescens
Root rot
Stem rot
Biofertilizer
Seed treatment
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Macrophomina phaseolina
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Surveyed strawberry fields at three different districts (Abo Swar, EL-Kassasin and El-Manayef) in Ismailia Governorate during 2014 -2016 growing seasons showed that 13 fungal species belonging to 13 genera were isolated from infected roots, runners and crowns segments of strawberry plants.The most frequent isolated fungi were; Macrophomina phaseolina (53.33%) and Colletotrichum acutatum (33.33%).These two pathogenic fungi were used in this study.Biological and chemical control experiments were conducted and significant differences in diseases incidence (DI%) and disease severity (DS%) were found among treatments of bioagents and chemical fungicides compared with control treatments.DI and DS percentages reached 0% when Bacillus subtilis or Rizolex were applied in plots of artificial infested soil with M. phaseolina and C. acutatum.Trichoderma harzianum occupied the second rank after B. subtilis, Rizolex (15 and 7.4% for DI) for M. phaseolina , (10 and 6.5% for DS)for C. acutatum, T. viride (16 and 16% for DI), (26 and 11% for DS) and Streptomyces canescens (20 and 21% for DI), (25 and 26% for DS), respectively.Moreover; Rizolex gave best results in pathogens control more than Topsin-M fungicide.In field experiment; the effect of soil disinfection using three treatments; two fumigants (Methyl bromide and Agrocelhone) and solar heating solarization applied on two strawberry cultivars (Festival and N-70) during 2015 and 2016 seasons were studied.Soil fumigation with Agrocelhone™ compound and Methyl bromide (MB) led to the best results for soil disinfection on both Festival and N70 Strawberry cultivars during two seasons.Percentage DI and DS of crown and root rot diseases occurred were (9.4,9.0%) and (8.4,7.5%) for both cultivars, respectively in 2015 it was very low (2.9, 3.0%) and (2.5 and 3.0%); respectively when applied again in 2016.
Macrophomina phaseolina
Trichoderma harzianum
Colletotrichum acutatum
Captan
Root rot
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Primula
Root rot
Hedera helix
Carica
Spore germination
Potting soil
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