Acetylated Polysaccharides From Pleurotus geesteranus Alleviate Lung Injury Via Regulating NF-κB Signal Pathway
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The present work investigated the anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and lung protection effects of acetylated Pleurotus geesteranus polysaccharides (AcPPS) on acute lung injury (ALI) mice. The acetylation of AcPPS was successfully shown by the peaks of 1737 cm−1 and 1249 cm−1 by FTIR. The animal experiments demonstrated that lung damage can be induced by zymosan. However, the supplementation of AcPPS had potential effects on reducing lung index, remitting inflammatory symptoms (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6), inhibiting NF-κB signal pathway based on up-regulating the level of IκBα and down-regulating p-IκBα level by Western blotting and immunofluorescence assay, preventing oxidative stress (ROS, SOD, GSH-Px, CAT, T-AOC, and MDA), reducing lipid accumulation (TC, TG, LDL-C, HDL-C, and VLDL-C), and alleviating lung functions by histopathologic observation. These results demonstrated that AcPPS might be suitable for natural food for prevention or remission in ALI.Keywords:
Pleurotus
Zymosan
Application of zymosan in medicine is limited because of its side effects, since the native granules of zymosan directly activate serum complement components and phagocytic cells. In this regard, it was decided at the outset (ex vivo) to incorporate the granules of zymosan in the neutrophils, and only then inject these “loaded” zymosan neutrophils into the bloodstream. Our experiments showed a total inhibition of the weight accretion of both tumor affected liver (from 5220±963 to 1327±219mg) and spleen (from 328±29 to 187±64mg) of mice. Thus these data showed that even on the 17th day after a single intravenous injection zymosan-treated neutrophils persist expressed manifestations of anti-tumor activity in the liver and spleen, that may be basis for using this method for antimetastatic preventive measures in liver and other localizations
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Zymosan, a particulate β-glucan preparation from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, shows various biological activities, including anti-tumor activity. We have previously shown that soluble β-glucan initiated anti-tumor activity was long-lived and was effective even by prophylactic treatment at 1 month prior to tumor challenge. However, the activity by zymosan was relatively short-lived. Antigen-specific responses of mice to zymosan might be a causative mechanism. In this paper, mice were immunized with zymosan and antibody production and antigen-specific responses of lymphocytes to zymosan were analyzed. Sera of zymosan immune mice contained zymosan-specific IgG assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and FACS. Spleen and bone marrow cells of zymosan-immune mice showed higher cytokine production in response to zymosan. Specificity of zymosan-specific responses were also analyzed using various derivatives prepared from zymosan. These facts strongly suggested that mice recognize zymosan as antigen in addition to non-specific immune stimulant.
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Zymosan particles have served as a model for recognition of microbes by the innate immune system for over 50 years. Zymosan induces inflammatory signals in macrophages through Toll-like receptors TLR2 and TLR6. In addition, phagocytic receptors on macrophages bind zymosan and stimulate particle engulfment. We have further examined the requirements for induction of inflammatory responses such as TNF-α production and NF-κ B activation by zymosan in mouse macrophages. We have observed that direct particle contact is required (excluding a role for soluble components of zymosan preparations) and that contact with a single particle is sufficient to trigger cytokine production. Further, ablation of the Toll-like receptor-stimulating activity of zymosan does not affect the ability of phagocytic receptors to internalise the particle.
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Pleurotus spp. was one of the most precious and common edible fungi, polysaccharides were the main active component. The structural, biological activities and structure-activity relationship (SAR) of polysaccharides from Pleurotus spp. were systematically reviewed. On the basis of structure and biological activity, structure-activity relationships were also analyzed and discussed to look forward to its future research direction and application prospect. In the past 5 years, about 30 kinds of polysaccharides were isolated from Pleurotus spp., and their preliminary structures were studied, but the fine structures were seldomly reported. The polysaccharides showed the activities of immunomodulatory, hypoglycemic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-ageing, hepatoprotective, anti-tumor, hypolipidemic and regulating intestinal flora, but the mechanism was needed further study. There were few studies on the SAR of polysaccharides from Pleurotus, and the polysaccharides of P. eryngii were studied. It was found that the biological activities of polysaccharides were affected by molecular weight, monosaccharide composition, sugar chain structure and configuration. In addition, sulfonation and selenization could significantly increase the bioactivities of polysaccharides. These findings might help to better understand the research status of polysaccharides from Pleurotus spp. and provided a scientific basis for their application as functional foods.
Pleurotus
Pleurotus eryngii
Monosaccharide
Medicinal fungi
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Oyster mushrooms are well known worldwide for their health promoting as well as their easily cultivable nature with minimum requirements. The study was undertaken to observe the comparative growth behavior and yield potential of two different species of oyster mushroom viz., Pleurotus florida and Pleurotus sajor-caju. Pleurotus florida and Pleurotus sajor-caju mushrooms were grown separately in wheat substrate in dark growing chamber with temperature and relative humidity ranges maintained in between 20-25ËšC and 80-85% respectively. Data obtained suggested Pleurotus florida showed faster spawn run period along with early pin head initiation than in Pleurotus sajor-caju. The total crop periods were recorded as 43 days and 49 days in Pleurotus florida and Pleurotus sajor-caju respectively. The yield potential of Pleurotus florida (1363 g per kg of dry substrate) was also found to be better than Pleurotus sajor-caju (940 g per kg of dry substrate). The results further obtained in Pleurotus florida showed average stalk length (3.5 cm), average stalk diameter (1.2 cm), average cap diameter (7.7 cm), maximum weight of fruiting body (40 g), minimum weight of fruiting body (34.3 g) with total number of fruit bodies recorded to be 48. Whereas, the results of Pleurotus sajor-caju showed average stalk length (2.8 cm), average stalk diameter (1.1 cm), average cap diameter (6 cm), maximum weight of fruiting body (34 g), minimum weight of fruiting body (28.6 g) with total number of fruit bodies recorded to be 37. Data obtained suggested that Pleurotus florida was better performing than Pleurotus sajor-caju in context to both growth behaviour and yield potential. Significance and impact of study: Thus the results obtained from the present study can help the mushroom growers in selection of Pleurotus mushroom species for obtaining better growth and yield.
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TNF plays a central role in septic shock induced by endotoxin or Gram-negative bacteria. Zymosan can elicit a septic shock-like syndrome in rodents in the absence of endotoxin. TNF and IL-6 release in mice treated with zymosan was investigated. One hour after intraperitoneal zymosan injection, maximal TNF levels were measured in serum, followed by IL-6 peak levels 1 h later. Treatment with a monoclonal antibody against TNF lowered zymosan-induced mortality from 63 to 11.6%, while maximal IL-6 levels were lowered by about 40%. Mechanisms triggering zymosan-induced cytokine release in murine macrophages were analysed in vitro. Cytokine release was only slightly triggered by uncoated zymosan particles. Thirty-nine per cent of TNF release by macrophages appeared to be triggered by zymosan-bound activated complement. Maximal TNF release also required the presence of natural antibodies against zymosan and zymosan-activated serum. In contrast, maximal IL-6 release was reached upon stimulation with zymosan-activated serum only, while the presence of zymosan particles lowered this response. We conclude that TNF is a crucial mediator in zymosan-induced shock. TNF release can be induced by different immunological pathways, without the need for the direct presence of endotoxins. Although IL-6 release during septic shock is partly dependent on TNF, in vitro trigger mechanisms for IL-6 and TNF differ remarkably.
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Human leukocyte phagocytosis of fluorescein-isothiocyanate (FITC)-labelled zymosan particles was studied by a flow cytometric (FCM) assay allowing discrimination of adhered and ingested zymosan particles. Free zymosan particles, non-phagocytes and phagocytes could be discriminated and quantified by simultaneous registration of fluorescence and light scatter. All leukocytes capable of phagocytosis were phagocytosing, and within 15 min 80% of the zymosan particles were adhered or ingested. Compared to the FITC-fluorescence of free zymosan particles, the mean fluorescence of phagocyte-associated zymosan particles was reduced by about 35%, indicating ingestion and processing of zymosan particles. Abolishing the FITC-fluorescence of extracellular zymosan particles by crystal violet, the number of zymosan particles adhered and ingested could be calculated from FCM measurements of phagocyte fluorescence. This showed that in 15 min 83% of the phagocyte-associated zymosan particles were actually ingested.
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Fluorescein isothiocyanate
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The genus Pleurotus is one of the higher basidimycetes, it is rich in polysaccharides which have special bioactivity. Many researches in medicine and pharmacology have proved that polysaccharides of the fungus in genus Pleurotus are used as biological response modifiers(BRMs), they also play a great role in restraining tumor. This paper discussed several Pleurotus polysaccharides on their extraction and purification, molecule structure, bioactivities and prospect.
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