Characterization of Acidic Tuna Protease and Its Application for Extraction of Tilapia Collagen Hydrolysate
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Thailand is a leading exporter of canned tuna globally. Many by-products are created during processing, including head, bone, blood and stomach. The stomach can serve as a promising source of pepsin, while collagen hydrolysate can be obtained as a new value-added product with high market value. The objectives of this study were to characterize pepsin from tuna stomachs and evaluate its application for extraction of collagen hydrolysate from tilapia skin. Pepsin from the stomachs of albacore tuna, skipjack tuna, and yellowfin tuna was characterized. Pepsin from all tuna species was extracted with phosphate buffer (pH 7) at 4°C for 3 h then mixed with 2 M acetic acid at 1:1 (w/v) for 30 minutes. The characterization of crude enzyme was determined. The optimum pH of all tuna pepsin was 2, and stable at pH2-3. Optimum temperature of all tuna pepsin was 50 °C, and it was stable at 10-50 °C. This enzyme responded to EDTA, urea, copper sulfate and magnesium sulfate. Albacore tuna (3.52±1.09 unit/ml), skipjack tuna (3.42±1.008 unit/ml), yellowfin tuna (3.51±0.29 unit/ml) and porcine pepsin (3.96±0.00 unit/ml) were applied for collagen hydrolysate extraction at 50 °C for 0-3 h. Degree of hydrolysis (%DH) of yellowfin tuna pepsin was highest (75.99±0.02%) at 50 °C for 1 h. Collagen hydrolysate showed antioxidant properties (DPPH, ABTS and FRAP). Yellowfin tuna pepsin can be applied in food supplement production as well to commercial porcine pepsin.Keywords:
Yellowfin tuna
Pepsin
Albacore
Skipjack tuna
Albacore
Yellowfin tuna
Thunnus
Skipjack tuna
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Yellowfin tuna
Skipjack tuna
Thunnus
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Abstract Yellowfin tuna ( Thunnus albacares ), mackerel tuna ( Euthynnus affinis ), and skipjack tuna ( Katsuwonus pelamis ) have important economic values for the capture fisheries in Indonesia. Activities of identifying these fish and other types of tuna have been done manually, which can lead to errors and ultimately affect statistics, stock estimates, or traceability. The aim of this research is to use deep learning methods in identifying three species of tuna, specifically yellowfin tuna, mackerel tuna, and skipjack tuna. YOLO’s newest model, YOLOv5, was used to identify the fish. The number of epochs that produces the optimum accuracy value for use in the YOLOv5 model is 400. The values for training loss, accuracy, precision, recall and F1-Score when the model is learning with a total of 400 epochs are 0.000253, 95%, 98.1%, 93.9%, and 96%. Based on these results, the three species of tuna can be identified with high accuracy.
Yellowfin tuna
Skipjack tuna
Thunnus
Scombridae
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Korean distant water tuna longline fishery commenced in 1966 in the Atlantic Ocean. Since then, it has become one of the most important fisheries of Korea. By early of 1970s, total amount of tuna caught in the Atlantic Ocean was the highest among other Korean distant water tuna fisheries, but has become minor since 1990s. The annual catch of tuna and tuna-like species by Korean tuna longline fishery in the Atlantic Ocean was about 1,900 mt in 2013. Bigeye tuna was the predominant species in species composition followed by yellowfin tuna, Albacore tuna, Blue shark and Swordfish. Korean distant water tuna longline fishery have mainly operated in the tropical area of the Atlantic Ocean (20°N~20°S, 20°E~60°W), fishing ground was almost similar as in the previous years. The length frequency of major species (Bigeye tuna, Yellowfin tuna, Albacore tuna, Blue shark and Swordfish) were estimated. As the result of length (size) frequency data on main species caught by lonline fishery in the Atlantic Ocean, main length intervals of bigeye tuna caught in 2011, 2012 and 2013 were 120~125 cm, 160~165 cm and 130~135 cm, respectively. For yellowfin tuna, those were 125~130 cm, 150~155 cm, 145~150 cm and for albacore, 109 cm, 102 cm, 109 cm and 106 cm respectively. For swordfish caught in 2011, 2012 and 2013, main length intervals were 130~135 cm, 125~135 cm and 125~130 cm, respectively, and for blue shark, 195~200 cm in 2011 and 185~190 cm in 2012, 2013.
Yellowfin tuna
Albacore
Swordfish
Thunnus
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Thig study was conducted to get a knowledge on chemical components of the cooked tuna bones (skipjack tuna bone and yellowfin tuna bone) as a food resource. The crude protein of tuna bone was around on the dry basis. The imino acid content (193 imino acid residues /1,000 amino acid residues) of collagen extracted from yellowfin tuna bone was higher than that (173 imino acid residues /1,000 amino acid residues) of collagen extracted from skipjack tuna bone, however, it was lower than that of collagen extracted from animal bone. The content and the ratio of unsatuated fatty acids in lipid extracted from yellowfin tuna bone were higher than those of lipid extracted from skipjack tuna bone, but they were lower than those of squid viscera oil. The contents of calcium and phosphorus as the major components of the tuna tone were 36.5 g and 17.2 g in 100 g ash in the skipjack, respectively, and 38.0 g and 18.7 g in 100 g ash in the yellowfin, respectively. It was concluded from these results that tuna bones could be effectively utilized as a mineral source.
Yellowfin tuna
Skipjack tuna
Imino acid
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For the effective utilization of tuna processing byproducts such as roes of skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis) and yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacores) as a food resource, the roes of skipjack and yellowfin tuna were examined on food component characteristics and also compared to those of Alaska pollack (Theragra chalcogramma). The concentrations of heavy metal in both roe of the skipjack and yellowfin tuna were below the reported safety limits, therefore, these roes appeared to be safe as a raw material for food resource. The contents of crude protein were 21.4% in the skipjack tuna roe and 21.5% in the yellow fin tuna roe, which showed to be the major component in tuna roes. The prominent amino acids of total amino acids were aspartic acid, glutamic acid, leucine and lysine, and these amino acids were comprise to be 38.4-41.2% of total amino acid in both tuna roes. The total lipid content were 2.1 % in the skipjack tuna roe and 2.0% in the yellofin tuna roe. The major component of total lipid was found to be triglyceride in both tuna roes (skipjack tuna roe, 93.3%; yellow fin tuna roe, 92.0%), which was high in the compositions of 16:0, l8:1n-9, and 22:6n-3. The content of DHA in total lipid of the tuna roes (skipjack tuna roe, 29.9%; yellowfin tuna roe, 36.3%) were higher than that of Alaska pollack roe (18.1%). Based on the results of the proximate composition, mineral, amino acid and lipid characteristic, roes of skipjack tuna and yellowfin tuna showed potential as a raw material for food.
Yellowfin tuna
Skipjack tuna
Thunnus
Scombridae
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Tuna is one of the largest fisheries commodities in Indonesia after shrimp and demersal fish. The genus Thunnus is a type of tuna that dominates the international market. The genus Thunnus consisted of seven species of tuna. In some cases, the same morphological character has caused misidentification and data collection on tuna species. Therefore, this study aimed to identify tuna species that are landed at Benoa Harbor and analyzed their phylogenetic relationships. Species identification and phylogenetic analysed in this study used the mtDNA control region locus. The results of this study indicated that there are five tuna species landed at Benoa Harbor, namely yellowfin tuna (T. albacares), longtail tuna (T. tonggol), bigeye tuna (T. obesus), southern bluefin tuna (T. maccoyii), and albacore tuna (T. alalunga). Based on phylogenetic tree reconstruction, all samples were divided into five according to the number of tuna species resulted from molecular identification. Reconstruction of phylogenetic trees is supported by genetic distance between clades has a value of 0.075 - 0.212, with the closest kinship found in yellowfin tuna (T. albacares) with bigeye tuna (T. obesus) and the farthest found in yelowfin tuna (T. albacares) with albacore tuna (T. alalunga).
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Albacore
Thunnus
Scombridae
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An ultrasonic tagging program for tuna was conducted in 1988 and 1989 within the Regional Tuna Project of the Indian Ocean Commission. Three yellowfin and six skipjack tuna were tagged with temperature or depth sensitive transmitters in the North-western part of the Mozambique Channel (12°S-44°E) around Anjouan island (Comoros Archipelago) where several fish aggregating devices (FADs) were previously moored. The horizontal and vertical movements observed during 8 tracks (3 yellowfin and 5 skipjack tuna) whose duration was between 3 and 24 hours, are analysed in terms of swimming depth, temperature encountered and position of the tracked tuna relative to the FAD or coast line. Comparison between recorded depth of tracked tuna and echo sounded fish indicated tracked tuna were schooling. Two of the 3 tagged yellowfin tuna displayed a behaviour of association with FADs. The optimal distance between 2 anchored FADs, to avoid adverse interference in the attraction of tuna, is estimated as 11 nautical miles. A very small percentage of time is spent by yellowfin tuna near the surface. The mean swimming depths encountered in the daytime by yellowfin tuna are much deeper (70-110 m) than they are at night (40-70 m). The relative homogeneity in the observed behaviour of yellowfin tuna and the fair general agreement with previous results obtained in the Pacific Ocean, should allow application of ultrasonic tagging results to fishing and prospecting purposes in the future. The movements of the 5 tracked skipjack tuna do not indicate a behavioural association with FADs, and do not present marked differences between the swimming depths encountered by night and during the daytime. The high variability observed in the behaviour of the different tracked skipjack tuna, and the bad agreement with previous results obtained in the Atlantic and in the Pacific Oceans have to be emphasized. A high turnover of the skipjack tuna concentrated around FADs due to an intense and pelmanent migratory flow through the area of Comoros Islands could partly explain these apparent discrepancies.
Yellowfin tuna
Skipjack tuna
Thunnus
Scombridae
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Albacore
Thunnus
Yellowfin tuna
Skipjack tuna
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Korean distant water tuna longline fishery commenced in 1966 in the Atlantic Ocean. Since then, it has become one of the most important fisheries of Korea. By early of 1970s, total amount of tuna caught in the Atlantic Ocean was the highest among other Korean distant water tuna fisheries, but has become minor since 1990s. The annual catch of tuna and tuna-like species by Korean tuna longline fishery in the Atlantic Ocean was about 1,900 mt in 2013. Bigeye tuna was the predominant species in species composition followed by yellowfin tuna, Albacore tuna, Blue shark and Swordfish. Korean distant water tuna longline fishery have mainly operated in the tropical area of the Atlantic Ocean ($20^{\circ}N{\sim}20^{\circ}S$ , $20^{\circ}E{\sim}60^{\circ}W$ ), fishing ground was almost similar as in the previous years. The length frequency of major species (Bigeye tuna, Yellowfin tuna, Albacore tuna, Blue shark and Swordfish) were estimated. As the result of length (size) frequency data on main species caught by lonline fishery in the Atlantic Ocean, main length intervals of bigeye tuna caught in 2011, 2012 and 2013 were 120~125 cm, 160~165 cm and 130~135 cm, respectively. For yellowfin tuna, those were 125~130 cm, 150~155 cm, 145~150 cm and for albacore, 109 cm, 102 cm, 109 cm and 106 cm respectively. For swordfish caught in 2011, 2012 and 2013, main length intervals were 130~135 cm, 125~135 cm and 125~130 cm, respectively, and for blue shark, 195~200 cm in 2011 and 185~190 cm in 2012, 2013.
Yellowfin tuna
Albacore
Swordfish
Thunnus
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