Genetic structures across a biogeographical barrier reflect dispersal potential of four Southeast Asian mangrove plant species
Alison K. S. WeeAnnika M. E. NoreenJunya OnoKōji TakayamaPrakash P. KumarHugh Tiang Wah TanMohd Nazre SalehTadashi KajitaEdward L. Webb
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Abstract Aim Biogeographical barriers restrict the movement of individuals, resulting in population divergence, genetic differentiation, endemism and speciation. Yet, some barriers demonstrate unequal effect across species depending on species dispersal, which manifests in varying genetic structure. We test the hypotheses that the genetic structure of four coastal mangrove species would reflect differences in dispersal potential across the Malay Peninsula, a major biogeographical barrier in the Indo‐West Pacific region. Location East and west coasts of the Malay Peninsula. Taxon Mangrove trees Avicennia alba , Sonneratia alba , Bruguiera gymnorhiza and Rhizophora mucronata. Methods For each species, we characterized genetic structure and gene flow using 7–12 species‐specific nuclear microsatellite markers. We tested for east–west genetic differentiation across the peninsula, a stepping‐stone migration pattern, and assessed the proportion of recent dispersal and direction of historical migration along the Malacca Strait. Results Significant east–west genetic differentiation across the peninsula was observed in A. alba , S. alba and B. gymnorhiza , and the effect was most pronounced for the two species with lower dispersal potential ( A. alba , S. alba ). In contrast, the two species with higher dispersal potential ( B. gymnorhiza and R. mucronata ) exhibited much higher proportion of recent inter‐population migration along the Malacca Strait. The signature of historical colonization from refugia in the Andaman Sea (north‐to‐south migration along the Malacca Strait) predominated for A. alba and S. alba. Historical south–north migration predominated for R. mucronata and B. gymnorhiza . Main conclusions This study implicated dispersal potential as a cause of varying mangrove species genetic structure across a biogeographical barrier. The Malay Peninsula functions as a filter to gene flow rather than a barrier. The genetic structure in mangrove species with a higher dispersal potential is more congruent with contemporary gene flow while that of species with a lower dispersal potential reflects historical processes. Our findings hint at the role of dispersal potential as a predictor of gene flow in mangroves.Keywords:
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Amaurobioides are restricted to the spray zone of southern continents, where they live in small, isolated populations and hunt from silk retreats built in rock crevices. A Star BEAST species tree based on ITS1 nuclear and ND1 mitochondrial genes did not support the hypothesis that this unusual niche linked the evolutionary history of these spiders to geological events reshaping Gondwana into present-day Australia and New Zealand. Instead, it showed that Amaurobioides reached Australia approximately 4.5 Mya and dispersed twice to New Zealand. Approximately 2.37 Mya, spiders from Tasmania colonized the Deep South of the South Island and, approximately 0.38 Mya, those from South Australia colonized more northern regions. Thus, the present study further limits the scope of the Moa's Ark hypothesis of vicariant New Zealand biogeography.
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Thirty-two manglicolous marine fungi belonging to 23 ascomycetes, 1 basidiomycete and 8 mitosporic fungi were observed from Avicennia and Rhizophora along Kerala coast, South India. Twelve species were found common on both hosts. The number of marine fungal species recorded on Avicennia was greater than Rhizophora. Fifteen species were found specific on Avicennia and five on Rhizophora. Furthermore, each host had its own most frequent, frequent, occasional and sporadic species.
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Vences, M. & F. Glaw (2002): Molecular phylogeography of Boophis tephraeomystax: a test case for east-west vicariance in Malagasy anurans. Spixiana 25/1: 79-84 Phylogenetic analysis of sequences of the mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene in the Malagasy treefrog Boophis tephraeomystax resulted in a clear separation of one clade corresponding to the populations from the east and northwest and a second clade comprising the populations from the west of Madagascar. Within each clade, the pairwise differentiation was 0-3 nucleotides, whereas differentiation between clades was 12-13 nucleotides. This phylogeographic structure correlates with bioacoustic and karyological differences between eastern and western populations. We consider the observed differences as indicative of separation on the species level, and revalidate Rhacophorus doulioti Angel, 1934 as Boophis doulioti to refer to the western populations hitherto assigned to B. tephraeomystax. B. tephraeomystax and B. doulioti are an additional example of a pair of sister species distributed allopatrically in eastern and western Madagascar. This pattern may have been caused by vicariant speciation in the course of past climatic shifts which led to more or less temporary isolation and fragmentation of western amphibian populations.
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Phylogeography has become a powerful approach for elucidating contemporary geographical patterns of evolutionary subdivision within species and species complexes. A recent extension of this approach is the comparison of phylogeographic patterns of multiple co‐distributed taxonomic groups, or ‘comparative phylogeography.’ Recent comparative phylogeographic studies have revealed pervasive and previously unrecognized biogeographic patterns which suggest that vicariance has played a more important role in the historical development of modern biotic assemblages than current taxonomy would indicate. Despite the utility of comparative phylogeography for uncovering such ‘cryptic vicariance’, this approach has yet to be embraced by some researchers as a valuable complement to other approaches to historical biogeography. We address here some of the common misconceptions surrounding comparative phylogeography, provide an example of this approach based on the boreal mammal fauna of North America, and argue that together with other approaches, comparative phylogeography can contribute importantly to our understanding of the relationship between earth history and biotic diversification.
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Abstract Aim To test the congruence of phylogeographic patterns and processes between a woodland agamid lizard ( Diporiphora australis ) and well‐studied Australian wet tropics fauna. Specifically, to determine whether the biogeographic history of D. australis is more consistent with a history of vicariance, which is common in wet tropics fauna, or with a history of dispersal with expansion, which would be expected for species occupying woodland habitats that expanded with the increasingly drier conditions in eastern Australia during the Miocene–Pleistocene. Location North‐eastern Australia. Methods Field‐collected and museum tissue samples from across the entire distribution of D. australis were used to compile a comprehensive phylo‐geographic dataset based on c . 1400 bp of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), incorporating the ND2 protein‐coding gene. We used phylogenetic methods to assess biogeographic patterns within D. australis and relaxed molecular clock analyses were conducted to estimate divergence times. Hierarchical Shimodaira–Hasegawa tests were used to test alternative topologies representing vicariant, dispersal and mixed dispersal/vicariant biogeographic hypotheses. Phylogenetic analyses were combined with phylogeographic analyses to gain an insight into the evolutionary processes operating within D. australis . Results Phylogenetic analyses identified six major mtDNA clades within D. australis , with phylogeographic patterns closely matching those seen in many wet tropics taxa. Congruent phylogeographic breaks were observed across the Black Mountain Corridor, Burdekin and St Lawrence Gaps. Divergence amongst clades was found to decrease in a north–south direction, with a trend of increasing population expansion in the south. Main conclusions While phylogeographic patterns in D australis reflect those seen in many rain forest fauna of the wet tropics, the evolutionary processes underlying these patterns appear to be very different. Our results support a history of sequential colonization of D. australis from north to south across major biogeographic barriers from the late Miocene–Pleistocene. These patterns are most likely in response to expanding woodland habitats. Our results strengthen the data available for this iconic region in Australia by exploring the understudied woodland habitats. In addition, our study shows the importance of thorough investigations of not only the biogeographic patterns displayed by species but also the evolutionary processes underlying such patterns.
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