Generating Natural Language Descriptions From Tables
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This paper proposes a neural generative architecture, namely NLDT, to generate a natural language short text describing a table which has formal structure and valuable information. Specifically, the architecture maps fields and values of a table to continuous vectors and then generates a natural language description by leveraging the semantics of a table. The NLDT architecture adopts a two-level neural model to make the most of the structure of a table to fully express the relationship between contents. To deal with the problem of out-of-vocabulary, this paper develops a simple and fast word-conversion method that replaces rare words appearing in texts with common field information in tables and directly replicates contents from table to the output sequence according to the field information. Besides, this paper adds the concept of theme to adapt the NLDT architecture to open domain and improves beam search algorithm to strengthen the results in the inference stage. On the WEATHERGOV dataset, the NLDT architecture improves the state-of-the-art BLEU-4 score from 61.01 to 62.89 and the current state-of-the-art F1 score from 73.21 to 78. On the WIKIBIO and WIKITABLE datasets, the NLDT architecture achieves a BLEU-4 score of 45.77 and 38.71 respectively which also outperform the state-of-the-art approaches. Furthermore, this paper introduces a Chinese dataset WIKIBIOCN including 33,244 biographies with corresponding tables. On the WIKIBIOCN dataset, the NLDT architecture achieves a BLEU-4 score of 38.87 and fairly good manual evaluation.Keywords:
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The performance of a word recognizer depends upon the vocabulary that it attempts to recognize. A computer program has been written to aid in the selection and evaluation of vocabularies for word recognizers. The program operates by predicting the performance of a given recognizer on a given vocabulary. The words in the vocabulary are treated as strings of phonemes, and it is assumed that the word recognizer being evaluated operates in terms of such strings. The program searches the vocabulary for word pairs that would be confused with each other if the recognizer were unable to make certain discriminations. When a confusable pair is found, it may be added to a list of confusions for later printing, or one word of the pair may be deleted from the vocabulary. The latter mode of operation results in a reduced vocabulary on which the recognizer should perform well. Results are presented for a vocabulary of about 1000 common words.
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This paper provides an overview of the role of vocabulary frequency in second language (L2) acquisition as vocabulary is a dominant feature of language acquisition and vitally important to language learners. It reported the vocabulary frequency’s significant role in both the earlier acquisition and the easier remembering comparing to infrequent vocabulary in L2 acquisition. It also seeks to discuss the influence of frequency on the selection of vocabulary in L2 textbooks as they are sometime the only source of L2 vocabulary in the classroom. It presents discussions of what vocabulary should be selected, how selective vocabulary are organised in the textbooks to reach determined teaching objectives as well as the teaching rate pre lesson.
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In general, research on Gyubanggasa has been conducted from a macroscopic point of view. So, there has been no research conducted focusing on vocabulary, which is the most basic in the analysis of works. Therefore, it is necessary to establish a paradigm for improving the completeness of analysis of works through vocabulary study of Gyubanggasa. A vocabulary is a set of words. Vocabulary is the smallest unit of meaning combination, and by repeating expansion, a single work is shaped. Moreover, vocabulary is the basic process of work interpretation and contains various information about the work. A vocabulary, which is a set of words that an author can use, reveals the author's perception and the world around him. This is also the process of finding out the literary level and characteristics of the named Gyubanggasa writer.
Completeness (order theory)
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대중문화의 급격한 발달은 1990년대 K-드라마를 시작으로 K-POP 스타들이 대중감성을 자극하여 한류 열풍이 대중 사회를 이끄는 계기가 되었다. 대중들은 한국의 아이돌과 드라마 주인공들의 헤어스타일을 닮고 싶어 한다. 그렇게 한국의 연예인을 따라 하던 소녀들이 이제 중년층이 되어 한국의 드라마 속 주인공들을 대상화하고 동일시하고 싶어 할 것이다. 그러므로 2016년 한국 드라마 속 중년 연기자 앞머리 헤어스타일을 분석하여 다양한 스타일 기법을 제시한다.BR 선행연구에서는 한국 중년 여성의 다양한 앞머리 스타일을 제시하지 못한 채 단순한 기법으로 젊은 여성층에게만 국한했다. 이에 따라 여성의 앞머리 형태에 관한 관련 자료 및 2016년 한국 TV 드라마 속의 등장인물인 중년 여배우의 앞머리 스타일을 선정하여 재해석하고 분류하였다.BR 본 연구를 수행하기 위해 동일한 여러 개의 마네킹을 같은 조건으로 앞이마를 제외한 두발 전체를 미듐그래쥬에이션으로 자른 후, 블로우 드라이 기법을 적용한 다양한 앞머리 스타일을 12가지 형태로 작품화 하였다. 앞머리 스타일의 작품명은 2016년 한국 TV드라마 속의 배역 이름을 작품명으로 하였다. 그리고 앞머리 스타일 연출에 관한 연구 영역을 확대하고자 블로우 드라이의 전개과정 및 모류의 흐름에 따른 방향성을 도해도로 분석하여 작품화하였다.BR 작품화한 결과 Table 1.은 당당하고 카리스마 넘치는 앞머리 스타일은 일자형으로 깔끔하고 단정하게 작품화하였다. Table 2.는 얼굴형이 작고 어려 보이는 라운드 형태의 앞머리로 귀엽게 작품화하였다. Table 3.은 우아하고 기품 있어 보이게 앞머리 스타일은 세련되고 자연스럽게 작품화하였다. Table 4.는 차분하고 우아한 이미지로 앞머리 스타일은 도시적인 느낌을 주고자 가르마를 주어 작품화하였다. Table 5.은 앞머리 스타일은 청순하면서 여성스러운 이미지로 작품화하였다. Table 6.은 앞머리 스타일은 우아하면서 밝아 보이게 이마를 개방하여 작품화하였다. Table 7.은 정장차림과 잘 어울리도록 앞머리 스타일은 얼굴 이마가 좌측에 살짝 가려지게 작품화하였다. Table 8.은 활동적이며 당찬 이미지를 앞머리 스타일로 넓은 이마를 보완하며 풍성한 볼륨감의 S웨이브 리지 형태로 작품화하였다. Table 9.는 당당하고 카리스마가 넘치는 기업의 대표 이미지로 앞머리 스타일은 고상하면서도 도시적이고 매력적인 여성으로 작품화하였다. Table 10.은 개방적이고 자유분방한 이미지를 주기 위해 앞머리 스타일은 컬이 뻗치는 발랄하면서 활동적이고 열정적인 여성으로 작품화하였다. Table 11.은 적극적이고 긍정적인 이미지를 주기 위해 앞머리 형태는 웨이브를 주어 발랄하고 상큼하게 귀여워 보이는 여성으로 작품화하였다. Table 12.는 활동적이며 매혹적이고 깔끔하면서 도도한 당찬 엄마의 이미지를 주기 위해 앞머리 스타일은 이마가 드러나도록 작품화하였다. 본 연구는 TV 드라마 속 중년 여배우의 앞머리 스타일 분석을 통하여 한국 중년 여성에게도 적용할 수 있는 스타일 기법을 제시하였으며 또한 앞으로 체계적인 교육 자료로 활용되기 바라며 미용 산업현장에 기여하기를 바란다.BR
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Organized vocabulary stored in permanent memory is called psychological vocabulary,which is closely related to memory system.Activated and used under the given conditions,psychological vocabulary can be converted into actual application vocabulary.If receiving the due attention,actual application vocabulary and new language stimulation can enter the short-term memory stage and form the new vocabulary unit.The article expands on the factors affecting psychological vocabulary's conversion to actual application vocabulary and also countermeasures.
English vocabulary
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English for Special Purposes (ESP) students often struggle with vocabulary acquisition. Vocabulary notebooks are a potential solution. This study investigates the effectiveness of vocabulary notebooks in supporting vocabulary expansion and retention for 30 intermediate-level ESP students in a 15-week International Relations class. The study utilized a mixed-methods approach based on a questionnaire, pre-test, post-test, and data analysis. The results show a statistically significant improvement in vocabulary acquisition and retention among students who used vocabulary notebooks. The findings suggest that vocabulary notebooks are a useful tool for ESP students, particularly in the acquisition of specialized vocabulary. Hence, the study also identified areas where the implementation of vocabulary notebooks could be improved, such as the need for explicit instruction and scaffolding to support effective use. This study highlights the potential of vocabulary notebooks and provides insights into how they can be effectively used to support ESP vocabulary acquisition.
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Humans have high mobility and various activities for each individual. The table is one of the supporting facilities in human activities. The table can have an important effect in terms of user mobility in using it. A table that is comfortable for users can provide a good and maximum effect for users in completing all their activities. The height of the table is one of the influential aspects in determining whether the table is comfortable or not for its users. This research is aimed at designing and developing a table product with high legs that can adapt to various conditions and activities carried out. The method used in this study is the Quality Function Deployment (QFD) method. The result of this study is that the adjustable table height has a degree of importance of 4 which means that this aspect is important for a table to have.
Table (database)
Quality Function Deployment
House of Quality
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Nowadays,vocabulary plays a more and more important role in English teaching. Concerning the problems arising in vocabulary teaching,the author makes some relevant suggestions as following: (1)increasing high school students vocabulary. (2)changing teaching patterns. (3)attempting some different teaching approaches. (4)teaching vocabulary by means of various inputs and outputs. (5)consolidating vocabulary.
English vocabulary
Teaching english
College English
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Vocabulary research of Korean language learners has typically focused on selecting vocabulary items for educational vocabulary lists and searching for effective vocabulary instruction. However, measuring vocabulary has been discussed only in the sub-area of vocabulary test of TOPIK or as an instrument of test results of experimental studies, and not in measuring learners’ language ability. The instrument to measure vocabulary knowledge needs to develop to not only measure vocabulary size, but to also describe the characteristics of language learners' proficiency. This study conducted some pilot tests to measure vocabulary size and knowledge for advanced Korean learners and discussed some advantages and disadvantages of tests as an appropriate method of assessing vocabulary size knowledge. Measuring vocabulary size is limited by the selection of vocabulary items and the format of the test. The study used a random sample of 500 words from containing 50,000 words to estimate vocabulary size by a way of checking for whether the word was known or unknown. The result of this test was compared to the result of measuring vocabulary knowledge tests of academic words. In calculation of the correlation of these tests, an instrument to design for vocabulary measurement would be proposed.
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